25 Questions
What is the primary function of biofungicides?
To produce antibiotics and other substances with high biological activity
Which fungus is the basis for the production of biofungicides?
Trichoderma
What is the impact of biological preparations in crop production?
Significantly reduce or completely stop the use of chemical analogues
What is the role of biofungicides in combating plant diseases?
Provide protection against a wide range of fungal diseases
What is the significance of using biofungicides in agriculture?
To avoid problems associated with the emergence of resistance in harmful microorganisms
Which of the following is a characteristic of biological products used to protect plants from pathogens?
They act more slowly than chemical pesticides
What is the main function of biofungicide 'Alirin B'?
Effective against various root and leaf diseases
Which type of biological product is 'Bactofit' primarily used to combat?
Fungal and bacterial diseases
What is a distinctive feature of profoundly effective biological products?
They are based on plant extracts
What are the recommended rules for using biofungicides?
Storing chemicals in sealed containers, reading instructions carefully, and using protective clothing and equipment
What is the main benefit of using cloudy days for applying fungicides in summer?
Lower evaporation rates and safer concentrations
After using fungicides, what is the recommended procedure for personal hygiene?
Remove clothes, clean nose, rinse mouth, wash thoroughly, and take a shower if possible
Which type of biological products is effective and safe for horticulture?
Beneficial microorganisms contributing to healthy plant growth and combating diseases and pests
Which biofungicide is commonly used to treat powdery mildew?
Ampelomycin made from Ampelomyces quisqualis
What is the primary purpose of Phytosporin-M in horticulture?
Suppress fungal and bacterial infections in various crops
What is the primary purpose of natural fungicides?
To protect plants from bacterial and fungal diseases
How do fungal biofungicides primarily work?
By parasitizing other fungi and producing disease-inhibiting substances
Which bacteria are used to produce biofungicides effective against diseases like Fusarium and Phytophthora?
Bacillus subtilis
What is the main method by which Pseudomonas bacteria reduce damage to plants caused by phytopathogens?
By causing mycelium lysis of pathogenic fungi
What is the approximate annual global loss of major food crops due to fungal infections?
3.5%
Which type of bacteria is used for the production of biofungicides like Gamair and Phytosporin-M?
Bacillus subtilis
What is the role of siderophores in the interaction between bacteria and root cells?
Help in the penetration of minerals into root cells
What is a disadvantage of biological products as mentioned in the text?
They require refrigeration to maintain effectiveness
What is the main function of pseudomonads in suppressing diseases?
Forming antibiotic substances and peptides
What is the purpose of aerated bioreactors in modern bio-laboratories?
To cultivate bacteria for the production of biofungicides
Study Notes
- Pseudomonads' biomass level depends on oxygen saturation of the environment for the production of an active bacterial drug.
- Modern bio-laboratories with aerated bioreactors are necessary for the cultivation of bacteria to create a high-quality biofungicide.
- Gamair, Phytosporin-M, Bactofit, PhytoDoctor, Alirin-B are some types of biofungicides based on bacteria.
- Bacillus subtilis strains are used for the production of these biofungicides, some are toxic to certain pests (aphidimiza).
- Pseudomonads suppress diseases through antagonism, which involves the formation of antibiotic substances, protein compounds and peptides, lytic enzymes, siderophores and other biologically active compounds.
- Many rhizospheric bacteria synthesize phytohormones that stimulate plant growth and help in the penetration of minerals.
- Siderophores, low molecular weight compounds that form a complex with the Iron ion, facilitate its transport to both microbial cells and root cells.
- A number of biofungicides have been created based on pseudomonads, such as Gaupsin and Planriz.
- Syngenta, Corteva Agriscience, BASF, Nufarm, FMC, Agro are some of the big producers of plant protection products, along with domestic biological enterprises.
- Culture medium can be prepared from local liquid filtered or unfiltered bard, with titer of 10-20 billion Koe/ML for filtered bard (Option 1).
- Dry bar can also be used as the basis of the culture medium, with titer of 5-6 billion Koe/ML (Option 2).
- Dry loose bar obtained by technology of reduced scheme (Option 3) or dry granulated or crushed beer grains can also be used as the basis of the nutrient medium (Option 4), with titer of 5.5–7 billion CTB/ML.
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens OPS-32 strain grown in described culture medium achieves a high level of spore (at least 95%) and no easily accessible soluble sugar remains.
- Biological products do not accumulate in plant tissues, effectively suppress certain plant diseases and do not harm people and animals, strengthen the immunity of garden crops.
- Disadvantages of biological products include their necessity for refrigeration to maintain effectiveness and the fact that some pathogens and insects can build up resistance to them over time.
Test your knowledge on the cultivation of bacteria and the creation of biofungicides. Learn about the importance of oxygen saturation and modern bio-laboratories with aerated bioreactors.
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