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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action for ampicillin and amoxicillin?
What is the mechanism of action for ampicillin and amoxicillin?
What causes an increase in lymphocyte numbers in the blood?
What causes an increase in lymphocyte numbers in the blood?
Which enzyme synthesized and exported by organisms can inhibit phagocyte bactericidal activity?
Which enzyme synthesized and exported by organisms can inhibit phagocyte bactericidal activity?
What method is considered the gold standard for diagnosing classical pertussis disease?
What method is considered the gold standard for diagnosing classical pertussis disease?
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Which phase of pertussis is characterized by the classical whooping cough?
Which phase of pertussis is characterized by the classical whooping cough?
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What is the mainstay of treatment for patients with active pertussis infection?
What is the mainstay of treatment for patients with active pertussis infection?
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Which of the following treatments is considered effective for patients with pertussis?
Which of the following treatments is considered effective for patients with pertussis?
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What effect does tracheal cytotoxin have on the respiratory tract?
What effect does tracheal cytotoxin have on the respiratory tract?
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What type of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheriae classified as?
What type of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheriae classified as?
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What is a major adverse effect associated with phenobarbital?
What is a major adverse effect associated with phenobarbital?
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How do barbiturates affect CYP enzymes?
How do barbiturates affect CYP enzymes?
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Ceftriaxone is particularly useful for treating which condition?
Ceftriaxone is particularly useful for treating which condition?
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What is a consequence of CYP induction by barbiturates?
What is a consequence of CYP induction by barbiturates?
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Why is ceftriaxone not effective against certain infections?
Why is ceftriaxone not effective against certain infections?
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What method of administration is used for ceftriaxone?
What method of administration is used for ceftriaxone?
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What happens when the dose of phenobarbital is increased?
What happens when the dose of phenobarbital is increased?
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Which of the following statements about ceftriaxone is true?
Which of the following statements about ceftriaxone is true?
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What is one of the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes that aids in pathogen spread?
What is one of the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes that aids in pathogen spread?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
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What is the primary method of prophylaxis to prevent acute rheumatic fever following an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the primary method of prophylaxis to prevent acute rheumatic fever following an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes?
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What feature of H.influenzae helps it resist phagocytosis in a nonimmune host?
What feature of H.influenzae helps it resist phagocytosis in a nonimmune host?
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Which of the following encapsulated serotypes of H.influenzae is most commonly associated with serious illnesses like meningitis?
Which of the following encapsulated serotypes of H.influenzae is most commonly associated with serious illnesses like meningitis?
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After an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, what is the typical onset time for complications such as Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
After an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, what is the typical onset time for complications such as Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
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Which factor contributes to the invasiveness of H.influenzae strains?
Which factor contributes to the invasiveness of H.influenzae strains?
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Which of the following antibiotics is commonly prescribed for infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes due to limited antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following antibiotics is commonly prescribed for infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes due to limited antibiotic resistance?
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How is diphtheria primarily transmitted?
How is diphtheria primarily transmitted?
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What is the characteristic manifestation of diphtheria in patients?
What is the characteristic manifestation of diphtheria in patients?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing diphtheria?
What is the primary method for diagnosing diphtheria?
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What critical complication can arise from diphtheria due to airway obstruction?
What critical complication can arise from diphtheria due to airway obstruction?
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Which treatment is effective for diphtheria infections but does not affect the preformed toxin?
Which treatment is effective for diphtheria infections but does not affect the preformed toxin?
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What type of vaccine is commonly used to immunize children against diphtheria?
What type of vaccine is commonly used to immunize children against diphtheria?
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What is produced in the throat as a result of the diphtheria toxin's action?
What is produced in the throat as a result of the diphtheria toxin's action?
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What organism is known to cause diphtheria?
What organism is known to cause diphtheria?
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Which organism is most commonly associated with causing pneumonia in infants and children?
Which organism is most commonly associated with causing pneumonia in infants and children?
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What is the primary mechanism by which phenobarbital is excreted unchanged?
What is the primary mechanism by which phenobarbital is excreted unchanged?
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Which of the following is a high-risk group for pneumonia?
Which of the following is a high-risk group for pneumonia?
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What type of genetic regulation involves the repression of the lac operon?
What type of genetic regulation involves the repression of the lac operon?
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Pneumocystis jirovecii is primarily associated with which group of patients?
Pneumocystis jirovecii is primarily associated with which group of patients?
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What common clinical manifestation might indicate pneumonia in elderly patients?
What common clinical manifestation might indicate pneumonia in elderly patients?
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Which of the following organisms is associated with atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following organisms is associated with atypical pneumonia?
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What is a significant pharmacological effect of phenobarbital?
What is a significant pharmacological effect of phenobarbital?
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Study Notes
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Microbiological features: Gram-positive coccus, often in chains. Bacteria of the pharynx (throat)
-
Virulence factors:
- Hyaluronidase, collagenase, and streptokinase: Damage mucosal membranes. Streptokinase dissolves blood clots, aiding spread.
- Streptolysins: Destroy red and white blood cells.
- M-protein: Involved in rheumatic heart disease.
- Diseases: Pharyngitis (sore throat), scarlet fever, skin infections.
- Sequelae (complications): Acute rheumatic fever (1-3 weeks after infection) and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN): both with specific time frames and mechanisms.
- Treatment: Primarily 6-lactams (e.g., penicillin); oral amoxicillin is common.
- Prophylaxis: Penicillin to prevent acute rheumatic fever
H. influenzae
- Microbiological features: Gram-negative coccobacillus (rod-like). Facultative anaerobe (lives with oxygen or without oxygen).
- Virulence factors: Polysaccharide capsule resists phagocytosis and complement. Six encapsulated types (a-f) with type B most often causing meningitis, epiglottitis.
- Treatment: Empirically, 3rd-generation cephalosporins are used.
- Diagnosis: Requires culturing on chocolate agar and requiring factor X (hemin) and V (NAD+).
- Resistance: Beta-lactamase; reduces effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Bordetella Pertussis
- Characteristics: Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic, encapsulated coccobacillus
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Virulence factors:
- Attachment to cilia via FHA (Filamentous hemagglutinin)
- Pertussis toxin, stimulating adenylate cyclase, causing respiratory mucosa edema and a severe cough. Inhibits signal transduction in lymphocytes reducing cellular entry.
- Tracheal cytotoxin damaging ciliated cells and working with endotoxin causing cell death.
- Disease: Whooping Cough
- Stages: Catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescence.
- Diagnosis: Culture, PCR, DFA, serology
- Treatment: Supportive care (oxygen, breathing treatments)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Characteristics: Club-shaped, Gram-positive rod.
- Transmission: Droplets and aerosols (coughing)
- Pathogenesis: Diphtheria toxin blocks protein synthesis, resulting in respiratory epithelial cell death, pseudomembrane formation, and airway obstruction.
- Diseases: Nasopharyngeal and cutaneous infections.
- Diagnosis: Presumptive diagnosis with pseudomembrane. Laboratory culture (swabs) and PCR to detect toxin.
- Treatment: Penicillin or erythromycin and antitoxin (preformed antibodies).
General Information on Pneumonia
- Definitions: CAP (community-acquired pneumonia), HAP (hospital-acquired pneumonia), VAP (ventilator-associated pneumonia)
- Typical/Atypical organisms: Details vary based on infection source and patients demographics.
- Aspiration Pneumonia: Diverse types based on location and material.
- Modes of Infections: Direct transmission or the spread of infection from elsewhere through the body.
- High-risk groups: Details vary
- Organisms: Emphasis on organisms causing pneumonia such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Diagnostic features and treatment and prevention strategies for these organisms and how they cause different types of pneumonia are included.
Other Topics
- Phenobarbital: CNS depressant, metabolized by CYP enzymes. Used as an anticonvulsant.
- Ceftriaxone: 3rd-generation cephalosporin, potent against many bacteria. Works by interfering with the formation of bacterial cell walls. Usefulness in treating meningitis.
- Penicillin and Amoxicillin: Penicillin is antibacterial drug targeting the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria. With different strengths, amoxicillin is more common in today's practice.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Streptococcus pyogenes and H. influenzae, focusing on their microbiological features, virulence factors, diseases, and treatment options. This quiz will cover key concepts regarding both bacteria and their clinical significance.
