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The use of drugs to fight infecting micro-organisms
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The use of drugs to fight infecting micro-organisms

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies?

  • Waterborne transmission
  • Airborne transmission
  • Foodborne transmission
  • Saliva of infected animals (correct)

    • Which disease is caused by the rabies virus?

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Cholera
  • Influenza
  • Rabies (correct)

    • What is the key strategy for managing HIV/AIDS?

  • Sanitation measures
  • Rehydration therapy
  • Antiviral therapy (correct)
  • Access to clean water

    • How does influenza primarily spread?

    <p>Through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes cholera?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of tuberculosis?

    <p>Chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can influenza outbreaks be managed effectively?

    <p>Hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of protists in terms of tissue differentiation?

    <p>Some protists have tissue differentiation while others do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists primarily comprises small aquatic animals and larvae?

    <p>Animal-like protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of fungi in ecosystems?

    <p>Fungi contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to viruses?

    <p>Viruses rely on host cells for replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do symbiotic relationships differ between facultative and obligate relationships?

    <p>Facultative relationships can survive independently if necessary, while obligate relationships depend on each other for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microbial symbiosis, what role do bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists play?

    <p>They form associations with plants, animals, and other microbes for various functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process refers to one organism living inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship?

    <p>Endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which fungi obtain nutrients?

    <p>Decomposing dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms?

    <p>Kingdom Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for athlete's foot caused by the Tinea pedis fungus?

    <p>Applying antifungal medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes thrush that affects mucous membranes in the mouth and genital areas?

    <p>Candida albicans fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Via Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism causes anthrax that affects both livestock and humans?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary preventive measure for ringworm infections caused by various fungi?

    <p>Maintaining proper hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Generating antibodies against invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles in immunity?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Vaccines' are biological preparations made from weakened or fragmented __________.

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of killer T-cells in the immune system?

    <p>Targeting and destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B-lymphocytes confer natural immunity upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>By producing antibodies tailored to bind with the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>Engulfing invading pathogens through phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines help establish long-term immunity in the body?

    <p>By priming the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is associated with the body's initial defense system?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge posed by antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics combat bacterial infections?

    <p>By targeting specific components of bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms do bacteria belong to?

    <p>Prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of bacteria composed of?

    <p>Cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bacterial reproduction primarily occur?

    <p>Through binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following shapes do bacteria NOT exhibit?

    <p>Cuboidal (cube-shaped)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms do protists belong to?

    <p>Eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom do bacteria belong to?

    <p>Kingdom Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modifying bacteria through genetic engineering?

    <p>To produce human insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organisms are involved in the production of alcoholic beverages?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of alcoholic fermentation in yeast?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fermentation processes play in food production?

    <p>To enhance the flavor and texture of food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traditional technology remains integral to the synthesis of various therapeutic substances and food products?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of traditional fermentation processes in the production of food products?

    <p>Improving flavor, texture, and shelf-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process forms the basis for the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine?

    <p>Alcoholic Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remarkable ability possessed by micro-organisms like yeast in alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bacteria modified through genetic engineering used in the production of human insulin?

    <p>Using sustainable and cost-effective means for insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genetically modifying bacteria to produce human insulin?

    <p>To offer a sustainable and cost-effective means of insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of rabies, a disease that affects both animals and humans?

    <p>Rabies virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria and is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for influenza viruses that cause respiratory illnesses?

    <p>Through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis?

    <p>Through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by targeting CD4+ cells in the immune system?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of influenza, commonly known as the flu, caused by influenza viruses?

    <p>Muscle pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does rabies spread between animals and humans?

    <p>Through the bites of infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure is key in managing severe strains of influenza viruses?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in a waterborne disease prevalent in unsanitary conditions?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HIV weaken the immune system, leading to a range of symptoms and opportunistic infections?

    <p>Targets CD4+ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of bacteria composed of?

    <p>A cell wall made of polysaccharides, cytoplasm, and a nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which kingdom do bacteria belong?

    <p>Kingdom Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the shapes that bacteria can exhibit?

    <p>Cocci, bacilli, spirillum, and vibrio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria primarily reproduce?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutritional strategy do autotrophic bacteria use?

    <p>They synthesize their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom encompasses a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms?

    <p>Kingdom Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Fever, chills, and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes anthrax that affects both livestock and humans?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary preventive measure for ringworm infections caused by various fungi?

    <p>Good hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process refers to one organism living inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What micro-organism causes thrush that affects mucous membranes in the mouth and genital areas?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is associated with the body's initial defense system?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies?

    <p>Contact with infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modifying bacteria through genetic engineering?

    <p>To synthesize various therapeutic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organisms are involved in the production of alcoholic beverages?

    <p>Yeasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which fungi obtain nutrients?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves specialized responses mediated by lymphocytes and antibodies?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-lymphocyte targets and destroys virus-infected or parasite-infected cells?

    <p>Killer T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of pseudopodia around pathogens, engulfing them within vacuoles, and digesting them with lysosomal enzymes?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccinations in modern medicine?

    <p>To confer protection against infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs specifically target and disrupt vital processes in bacterial cells?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic operates by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is commonly used for the fermentation process in the production of antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is traditionally produced by the pancreas and is required for exogenous insulin supplementation in individuals with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of lymphocytes recognize antigens and produce antibodies tailored to bind with and neutralize specific pathogens?

    <p>B-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms are involved in the production of alcoholic beverages?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists primarily comprises small aquatic animals and larvae?

    <p>Animal-like protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?

    <p>Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular with chitin-containing cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of viruses?

    <p>Viruses cause diseases such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, and COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other?

    <p>Parasitic relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of protists?

    <p>Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, with no tissue differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of fungi in ecosystems?

    <p>Fungi contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of viruses in disease transmission?

    <p>Viruses cause diseases such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, and COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?

    <p>Viruses consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of plant-like protists?

    <p>Plant-like protists are unicellular or multicellular organisms found in aquatic environments, primarily autotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of killer T-cells?

    <p>Target and destroy virus-infected or parasite-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages identify and combat invading pathogens?

    <p>By engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic functions by disrupting vital processes in bacterial cells?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes innate immunity from acquired immunity?

    <p>Acquired immunity develops after exposure to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B-lymphocytes confer natural immunity upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>By recognizing antigens and producing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte initiates and coordinates immune responses?

    <p>Helper T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vaccinations play in conferring protection against infectious diseases?

    <p>They prime the immune system for future encounters with pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do antibiotics combat bacterial infections?

    <p>They disrupt vital processes in bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes killer T-cells from helper T-cells in the immune response?

    <p>Killer T-cells initiate and coordinate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines prepare the immune system to combat future infections?

    <p>By introducing weakened or fragmented pathogens for recognition and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nutritional strategy employed by bacteria?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes protists from fungi in terms of tissue differentiation?

    <p>Protists have tissue differentiation, while fungi do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a shape that bacteria can exhibit?

    <p>Cuboidal (square-shaped)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?

    <p>Being eukaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fermentation is used in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists plays a foundational role in aquatic food chains?

    <p>Plant-like Protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is commonly used for fermentation in the production of antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillium chrysogenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the group of organisms known as protists?

    <p>Organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to algae among the three groups of protists?

    <p>Presence of photosynthetic pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of modifying bacteria through genetic engineering?

    <p>To produce human insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets fungi apart from protists and algae regarding nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Fungi absorb nutrients from dead organic matter or as parasites, unlike protists and algae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of reproduction for bacteria?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traditional technology remains integral to the synthesis of various therapeutic substances and food products?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes viruses in terms of cellular structures?

    <p>Viruses lack cellular structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the classification of organisms?

    <p>Plantae Familia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism benefits at the expense of the other in parasitism?

    <p>The parasite benefits more than the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is required for exogenous insulin supplementation in individuals with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates facultative relationships from obligate relationships in symbiosis?

    <p>Facultative relationships allow organisms to survive independently while obligate relationships require dependence for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microbial symbiosis, what role do bacteria, archaea, and fungi play?

    <p>They form associations with plants and animals, contributing to nutrient cycling and disease resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines endosymbiosis in a biological relationship?

    <p>It involves organisms living inside each other for mutual benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for causing anthrax in livestock and humans?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is known for causing ringworm infections?

    <p>Various fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in treating diseases caused by microorganisms?

    <p>Target and disrupt vital processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do phagocytic cells use to recognize and engulf pathogens?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of defense mechanism do plants use to combat microorganisms?

    <p>Physical barriers and chemical defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when cells engulf and digest foreign particles, such as pathogens?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is responsible for causing thrush infections in mucous membranes?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Acting as sentinels and mounting responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom encompasses a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which ancestral eukaryotic cells engulfed ancient prokaryotic organisms, leading to the evolution of complex multicellular life forms?

    <p>Symbiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship between pollinators and flowering plants ensures the reproductive success of both partners and contributes to ecosystem biodiversity and food production?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind evolutionary adaptation in symbiotic relationships, where organisms coevolve in response to each other's presence?

    <p>Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conservation effort focuses on preserving symbiotic relationships due to their importance in ecosystem function and biodiversity?

    <p>Habitat Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium causes cholera, a waterborne disease prevalent in areas with poor sanitation, leading to severe diarrhea and vomiting?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for the rabies virus, which causes symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and neurological manifestations like hydrophobia?

    <p>Through saliva of infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganisms are involved in the production of alcoholic beverages?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which traditional technology remains integral to the synthesis of various therapeutic substances and food products?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccinations in modern medicine, and how do they establish long-term immunity in the body?

    <p>Establish long-term immunity by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, and what role do they play in ecosystems?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom do bacteria belong to?

    <p>Kingdom Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of bacteria that is spiral-shaped?

    <p>Spirillum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria form endospores under unfavorable conditions?

    <p>Heterotrophic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms are eukaryotic and do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms?

    <p>Protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria?

    <p>Heterotrophic bacteria rely on external sources for nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of rabies infection in both animals and humans?

    <p>Hydrophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes cholera, a severe waterborne disease known for causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of influenza viruses, causing respiratory symptoms like sore throat and muscle pain?

    <p>Respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for causing tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs and causing symptoms such as weight loss and coughing?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does HIV weaken the immune system, leading to a range of symptoms and opportunistic infections?

    <p>By targeting CD4+ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes influenza from most cases of the flu that resolve without complications?

    <p>Prolonged fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of protists?

    <p>Autotrophic mode of nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists forms the foundation of aquatic food chains?

    <p>Phytoplankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of fungi in terms of nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Heterotrophic nutrition from living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes viruses?

    <p>Lack cellular structures and rely on host cells for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes parasitism in symbiotic relationships?

    <p>'One organism benefits at the expense of the other'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship involves species that can survive independently if required?

    <p>'Facultative'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do algae contribute to aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>Playing crucial roles in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Zooplankton' primarily consists of which type of protists?

    <p>'Animal-like Protists'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of yeast in alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Converting sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In traditional fermentation processes, what is the primary role of micro-organisms like yeast?

    <p>Converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes food fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>The final products produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of biotechnological innovations has significantly impacted drug production?

    <p>Revolutionized drug synthesis processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria contribute to the synthesis of various therapeutic substances?

    <p>By serving as a raw material for drug production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the activation of specialized responses mediated by lymphocytes and antibodies?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for causing malaria in humans?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary method through which fungi obtain nutrients?

    <p>Decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the engulfing and digestion of foreign particles by cells, acting as a crucial component of innate immunity?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes anthrax, affecting both livestock and humans?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is involved in the fermentation process in the production of antibiotics?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is associated with the body's initial defense system against invading pathogens?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom encompasses a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungus causes thrush, affecting mucous membranes in the mouth and genital areas?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a shape that bacteria can exhibit?

    <p>Cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocytes target and destroy virus-infected or parasite-infected cells?

    <p>Killer T-Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B-Lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>Produce antibodies tailored to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines primarily confer protection against infectious diseases?

    <p>By priming the immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do macrophages play in the immune response?

    <p>Identify and engulf invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helper T-Cells in the immune response?

    <p>Initiate and coordinate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular process do phagocytes enclose pathogens within vacuoles?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes natural antibiotics from synthetic antibiotics regarding their production?

    <p>Natural antibiotics are synthesized by micro-organisms like Penicillium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of reproduction in bacteria that is distinct from binary fission?

    <p>Endospore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that enables autotrophic bacteria to synthesize their own food?

    <p>Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria exhibits a comma-shaped morphology?

    <p>Vibrio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the bacterial cell wall is composed of polysaccharides?

    <p>Peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom encompasses organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms and often exhibit diverse nutritional strategies?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is capable of synthesizing their own food through chemosynthesis?

    <p>Autotrophic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biotechnological innovation has revolutionized drug production while still relying on traditional fermentation processes for various therapeutic substances and food products?

    <p>The modification of bacteria through genetic engineering to produce human insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organism possesses the remarkable ability to undergo alcoholic fermentation, converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen, and is essential for the production of alcoholic beverages and food staples like bread and cheese?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fermentation processes enhance the flavor, texture, and shelf-life of food products like cheese and maas, while leveraging the transformative power of micro-organisms?

    <p>Through the breakdown of fats and proteins into simpler compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biotechnological innovation has made it possible to sustainably produce insulin for individuals with diabetes mellitus while still relying on traditional fermentation processes for various therapeutic substances and food products?

    <p>The development of recombinant DNA technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organism is responsible for producing ethanol and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation, which forms the basis for the production of alcoholic beverages and food staples like bread and cheese?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists is known for playing crucial roles in aquatic ecosystems and can be free-floating or sessile?

    <p>Algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for causing tapeworm infections in the intestines of mammals?

    <p>Tapeworm metacestodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of fungi in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic relationships?

    <p>To release nutrients back into the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship involves clownfish and sea anemones where the clownfish receive protection from predators within the anemone's tentacles while the anemone benefits from the nutrients provided by the clownfish's waste?

    <p>Obligate mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organism has been identified as causing COVID-19, a disease characterized by respiratory symptoms and transmission via respiratory droplets?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remarkable ability possessed by micro-organisms like yeast in alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Converting sugar into alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique characteristic of fungi in terms of their cell walls?

    <p>Contain chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of the other, often causing harm or disease to the host while deriving nourishment or other benefits?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is responsible for causing anthrax, a disease affecting both livestock and humans, and often transmitted through contaminated soil or animal products?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles in immunity, often involving phagocytes and immune cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases caused by microorganisms can lead to hydrophobia as a neurological manifestation?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is involved in a mutualistic relationship that contributes to ecosystem biodiversity and food production?

    <p>Pollinators (such as bees and butterflies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a role of symbiotic relationships in ecosystems and human health?

    <p>Causing diseases in humans, animals, and crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a viral disease that weakens the immune system by targeting CD4+ cells?

    <p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases caused by microorganisms spreads primarily through respiratory droplets and can cause symptoms such as sore throat, muscle pain, and fever?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for causing malaria in humans and spreads through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a viral disease that affects both animals and humans and spreads through the saliva of infected animals primarily through bites?

    <p>Rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is involved in a mutualistic relationship that contributes to ecosystem biodiversity and food production, and is also known for pollinating various crops?

    <p>Bees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a bacterial disease that causes symptoms such as severe diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases caused by microorganisms is a waterborne disease prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biological process that T-lymphocytes are involved in?

    <p>Producing antibodies tailored to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of antibiotics?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common pathway for the administration of vaccines?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which antibiotics combat bacterial infections?

    <p>Stimulating antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of phagocytic cells in the immune response?

    <p>Producing antibodies tailored to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Increased effectiveness of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common source of microorganisms used in biotechnology?

    <p>Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acquired immunity?

    <p>Involves non-specific responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used to produce insulin in biotechnology?

    <p>Harvesting insulin from plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common method used to combat antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Promotion of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is responsible for causing disease in both animals and plants, and its management includes resistant crop varieties and fungicide application?

    <p>Rust fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specialized protein generated by lymphocytes in response to complex molecules called antigens, designed to neutralize specific invaders by binding to them and marking them for destruction or rendering them harmless?

    <p>Antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of white blood cell found in various tissues like the tonsils, lymph glands, spleen, and bloodstream, acting as sentinels to patrol the body and mount responses against invading pathogens?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity, involving the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles, recognizing and engulfing pathogens, and directing them to lysosomes containing digestive enzymes that break down bacterial or viral cell walls?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biological preparation made from weakened or fragmented pathogens, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies, providing long-lasting protection against specific diseases?

    <p>Vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a medicinal substance derived from living organisms like bacteria or fungi, used to treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of protists regarding tissue differentiation?

    <p>They are unicellular organisms with no tissue differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom encompasses a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms, including protists, algae, and other organisms with diverse characteristics and life cycles?

    <p>Protist Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the basic structure of bacteria composed of a rigid cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm containing genetic material and ribosomes for protein synthesis, with some species having flagella for locomotion or pili for attachment to surfaces?

    <p>Bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the immune system's role in nature's defense mechanism, enabling plants and animals to combat infections and safeguard their well-being, orchestrating responses to ward off invaders and maintain health?

    <p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do autotrophic bacteria differ from heterotrophic bacteria?

    <p>Autotrophic bacteria require external sources for nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle do bacteria lack?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of endospores in bacteria?

    <p>Enable survival under unfavorable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is not correctly matched with its description?

    <p>Vibrio - star-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Rabies?

    <p>Saliva of infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Influenza infection?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key management strategy for Cholera?

    <p>Rehydration therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does HIV weaken the immune system?

    <p>By targeting CD4+ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for managing HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Tuberculosis from Cholera in terms of transmission?

    <p>Respiratory droplet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of diseases caused by Viruses?

    <p>Rapid progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Rabies from Influenza in terms of fatality rate?

    <p><strong>Rabies</strong> has a higher fatality rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis predominantly affects which organ system in the human body?

    <p><strong>Respiratory system</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the immune response system?

    <p>Orchestrating responses against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases requires vaccination of animals as part of its prevention strategy?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the second line of defense in plant immunity?

    <p>Triggering systemic responses against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system?

    <p>Mounting responses against invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe causes athlete's foot, and how is it managed?

    <p>Tinea pedis fungus, managed by keeping feet dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes antigens in the immune response?

    <p>Specialized proteins designed to neutralize pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes protists from fungi regarding reproduction?

    <p>Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic sets fungi apart from protists regarding nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Fungi have chitin-containing cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of viruses in ecosystems, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do facultative symbiotic relationships differ from obligate relationships?

    <p>Obligate organisms can survive independently if necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms play crucial roles in disease resistance and nutrient cycling through symbiotic relationships?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of endosymbiosis?

    <p>One organism lives inside another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of viruses highlights their unique nature compared to living organisms?

    <p>Reliance on cellular structures for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of locomotion observed in some protists as discussed in the text?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes plant-like protists from animal-like protists?

    <p>Trophic mode (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Phytoplankton play in aquatic ecosystems as per the information provided?

    <p>Foundation of food chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is primarily responsible for the traditional production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine through its ability to undergo alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation process is responsible for the production of food staples like bread and cheese, enhancing their flavor, texture, and shelf-life?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is commonly used in the production of maas, a type of fermented milk product, through its ability to convert lactose into lactic acid?

    <p>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is used in the production of vinegar through the process of acetic acid fermentation?

    <p>Acetic acid bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is used in the production of the antibiotic penicillin through the process of secondary metabolism?

    <p>Penicillium chrysogenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B-Lymphocytes in the immune response, specifically relating to the process of neutralizing specific pathogens?

    <p>They recognize antigens and produce antibodies tailored to bind with and neutralize specific pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-Lymphocytes initiate and coordinate immune responses by activating and recruiting other immune cells?

    <p>Helper T-Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which fungi obtain nutrients, specifically relating to the process used by yeasts?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages identify and combat invading pathogens, specifically relating to the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>By forming pseudopodia around pathogens, which are then enclosed within vacuoles and digested by lysosomal enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which antibiotics combat bacterial infections, specifically relating to the action of penicillin on bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Disrupting bacterial DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind evolutionary adaptation in symbiotic relationships, specifically relating to the coevolution of organisms in response to each other's presence?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-organism possesses the remarkable ability to undergo alcoholic fermentation, converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen, and is essential for the production of alcoholic beverages and food staples like bread and cheese?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of helper T-cells in the immune response, specifically relating to their interaction with other immune cells?

    <p>They initiate and coordinate immune responses by activating and recruiting other immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity, involving the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles, recognizing and engulfing pathogens, and directing them to lysosomes containing digestive enzymes that break down bacterial or viral cell walls?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Killer T-Cells in the immune response, specifically relating to the targeting and destruction of infected cells?

    <p>They target and destroy virus-infected or parasite-infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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