Bacteria Genetic Transfer - King Faisal University
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Questions and Answers

What method of gene transfer allows for the direct transfer of DNA between two bacteria?

  • Transduction
  • Transformation
  • Conjugation (correct)
  • Electroporation

What process allows bacteria to acquire DNA from their environment after cell lysis?

  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
  • Transformation (correct)
  • Binary fission

What is the role of bacteriophages in genetic transfer?

  • To assist in transformation
  • To insert DNA into the host bacterium
  • To facilitate conjugation
  • To mediate transduction (correct)

What term describes the result of DNA recombination between two homologous chromosomes?

<p>Genetic variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a recombinant cell?

<p>A cell containing DNA from two different sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pathogenicity islands primarily responsible for?

<p>Coordinating virulence mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of virulence factors in bacteria through quorum sensing?

<p>Specific small molecule at a sufficient concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transposons replicate during their movement?

<p>Replicative transposons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is genetic information transferred during conjugation?

<p>Through a pilus from donor to recipient cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do transposons play in a bacterial genome?

<p>They can move between different genomic locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of genetic transfer involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment?

<p>Transformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of a successful recombination event following genetic transfer?

<p>A heritable change in the genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bacteria are typically involved in the process of conjugation?

<p>Members of the same species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of plasmids in bacterial gene transfer?

<p>They can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of quorum sensing in bacteria?

<p>To regulate gene expression based on population density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic transfer involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?

<p>Transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plasmid carries genes that confer resistance to antibiotics?

<p>R plasmids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bacteriophages?

<p>Bacterial viruses that can infect bacterial cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of genetic transfer in bacteria from a clinical perspective?

<p>It aids in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does recombination play in bacterial gene transfer?

<p>It allows for genetic variation and adaptability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does transformation contribute to gene transfer in bacteria?

<p>It is a method where bacteria take up free-floating DNA from their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between early and late viral gene products?

<p>Early gene products are synthesized immediately after infection, whereas late gene products are produced after genome replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how new viral particles leave an infected cell?

<p>Budding involves the virus acquiring a portion of the host cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of genome replication during the viral replication process?

<p>To produce multiple copies of the viral genome for new viral particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the assembly and maturation phase of the viral life cycle?

<p>The newly generated viral components are compiled into mature viral particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations affect viral populations?

<p>They provide diversity that can lead to more effective viral strains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does the virus recognize and attach to an appropriate host cell?

<p>Early phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does viropexis play in viral entry into host cells?

<p>It is a method of receptor-mediated endocytosis specifically for non-envelope viruses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a retrovirus in terms of its genetic material?

<p>Retroviruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that is reverse-transcribed to DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA genome does a retrovirus possess?

<p>Positive-sense RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA into DNA?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about positive-sense RNA viruses is true?

<p>They can initiate protein synthesis immediately after entering the host cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do negative-sense RNA viruses replicate their genome?

<p>Through the action of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the early proteins synthesized during viral replication?

<p>To assist in the genome replication process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the naked positive-strand RNA viral genome is correct?

<p>It can independently initiate an infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the genome of a retrovirus integrates into the host DNA?

<p>The virus uses host cell components to produce more viral particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is an example of a negative-sense RNA virus?

<p>Ebola (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of viral mutants resulting from spontaneous mutations?

<p>They may possess new properties differing from the parental virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to the re-initiation of viral replication?

<p>Cell-to-cell fusion forming multinucleated giant cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do lethal mutations have on viral genomes?

<p>They inactivate the virus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of defective interfering particles (DIPs) in viral replication?

<p>They lack critical genomic portions and can interfere with regular viral replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the selection pressure on viral mutants during replication?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can viral vectors be modified for therapeutic purposes?

<p>By removing disease-causing genes and replacing them with desirable genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of environmental conditions on viral mutants?

<p>They can lead to the elimination of less adaptable viruses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a difference between viral strains that can impact disease severity?

<p>Differences in their structural protein composition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacterial Genetic Transfer

The process by which bacteria acquire new genetic information from other bacteria, improving their survival in changing environments.

Plasmids

Small, independent genetic elements that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome, carrying genes for traits like antibiotic resistance.

Bacteriophages

Bacterial viruses (phages) with DNA or RNA genomes that infect bacteria, potentially transferring genes between cells.

Conjugation

A mode of bacterial genetic transfer where genetic material (often plasmids) is directly transferred from one bacterium to another via a physical connection.

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Transformation

Bacterial genetic transfer where bacteria take up free DNA from their surroundings, integrating it into their own genome.

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Transduction

Bacterial genetic transfer by a bacteriophage (virus) that, by accident, incorporates bacterial DNA into its viral particles and then transfers it to another bacterium.

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Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Genes that allow bacteria to survive exposure to antibiotics, often carried on plasmids.

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Virulence Genes

Genes that increase a bacterium's ability to cause disease, often carried on plasmids or phages.

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Conjugation

Direct genetic transfer between bacteria through physical contact, often involving plasmids.

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Transformation

Bacteria take up free DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own DNA.

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Transduction

Genetic transfer using a bacteriophage (virus) as a delivery vehicle.

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Genetic recombination

Exchange of DNA segments between two DNA molecules, creating new gene combinations.

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Bacterial Genetic Transfer

Methods by which bacteria acquire genes from other bacteria, changing their traits.

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Pathogenicity Islands

Groups of genes in bacteria that contribute to their ability to cause disease.

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Quorum Sensing

Bacteria communicate and coordinate behavior by detecting cell density and producing signal molecules.

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Transposons

Mobile genetic elements that can move from one location to another in a genome.

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Genetic Transfer

The process where DNA is moved from one bacterium to another.

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Conjugation (bacteria)

Direct DNA transfer between bacteria through a physical connection.

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Transformation (bacteria)

Bacteria taking up free DNA from their environment.

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Transduction (bacteria)

Bacteriophage (virus) transferring bacterial DNA between cells.

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Bacterial Chromosome

The main DNA-containing structure in a bacterium, along with plasmids if present.

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Viral Mutation

Spontaneous changes in a virus's genetic material, leading to new strains with different properties.

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Viral Re-initiation

The spread of a virus, creating new virus particles, possibly through cell fusion or to daughter cells.

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Defective Interfering Particles

Virus particles with a damaged genome, resulting from defective replication or recombination.

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Viral Mutation selection factors

Factors influencing which virus mutants survive, including how well they use host cell resources and evade the immune system.

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Viral Vectors for Therapy

Modified viruses used to deliver foreign genes for treating diseases, creating vaccines, or other therapeutic goals.

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Viral Strain

A variant of a virus with genetically different properties, often differing in pathogenicity, antigenicity or other traits.

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Cell Fusion

Merging of infected cells into larger, multinucleated cells (syncytia) – a process often involved in viral replication.

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Lethal Mutations

Mutations in essential viral genes that inactivate the virus entirely.

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Viral Entry (Envelope Viruses)

Envelope viruses fuse their membranes with the host cell's membrane, releasing the viral genome into the cytoplasm.

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Viral Entry (Non-envelope Viruses)

Non-envelope viruses enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or viropexsis.

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Viropexis

Mechanism of viral entry for non-envelope viruses

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Uncoating

The release of the viral genome from its protective coat inside the host cell.

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Positive-sense RNA virus

Viral RNA acts directly as mRNA for protein synthesis.

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Negative-sense RNA virus

Viral RNA must be converted into mRNA before protein synthesis.

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Retrovirus

Virus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA.

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Viral Budding

Process of new viral particles leaving an infected cell.

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Positive-sense RNA virus

Virus with a genome that directly acts as mRNA; does not need a polymerase.

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Negative-sense RNA virus

Virus with a genome that requires a polymerase to create mRNA from it. Cannot initiate infection directly.

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Retrovirus

Virus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA, which then integrates into the host DNA.

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Viral Replication (early phase)

Phase of viral replication where the virus produces enzymes and regulatory proteins crucial for later steps.

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Viral RNA polymerase

Enzyme needed by some viruses to create mRNA from their RNA genome.

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Viral mRNA

RNA molecule produced by a virus that carries the genetic code for making viral proteins.

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Viral Protein Synthesis

Process where viral mRNA directs the cell machinery to create needed proteins. A two-stage process.

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Double-stranded RNA (+dsRNA)

Type of viral genomes that contain two complementary RNA strands and use their own RNA polymerases to generate mRNA.

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Study Notes

College of Medicine, King Faisal University

  • The College of Medicine at King Faisal University was established in 1975 (and 1395 AH).

Bacteria Genetic Transfer

  • Bacteria Genetic Transfer lecture by Dr. Lorina Badger - Emeka (COM, KFU)

Vision

  • To become a model in community engagement through excellence and international recognition in medical education, research, and health care.

Mission

  • To promote higher standards in medical education, health care, research, and community health services.

Values

  • Islamic values
  • Excellence
  • Creativity
  • Compassion
  • Leadership
  • Responsiveness to the community

Intended Learning Outcomes 1

  • Students should be able to identify and define plasmids, bacteriophages, transposons, and pathogenicity islands.
  • Understand the purpose of quorum sensing.
  • Describe the role of plasmids, phages, and transposons in gene transfer via conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

Intended Learning Outcomes 2

  • Students should comprehend the role of recombination in bacterial gene transfer.

Introduction

  • Acquiring genes through genetic transfer provides new genetic information to microorganisms, which can help them survive changing environments.

Importance of Genetic Transfer

  • From a clinical perspective, genetic transfer aids in transferring antibiotic resistance genes from resistant bacteria to sensitive ones.
  • Plasmids and bacteriophages can add virulence factors (e.g., toxins) to bacteria that previously lacked them.

The Bacterial Gene and Expression

  • Bacteria have a single chromosome and may also include extrachromosomal genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages (bacterial viruses).
  • These elements are independent of the bacterial chromosome and can be transmitted between cells.

Plasmids 1

  • Image showing bacterial DNA and plasmids within a bacterial cell.

Plasmids 2

  • Plasmids are small genetic elements that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.
  • They can contribute to genetic change and carry genetic information.

Plasmids 3

  • The F plasmid is crucial for conjugation resistance.
  • R plasmids carry genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.
  • These can be transferred through conjugation from one bacterial cell to another.
  • Without resistance genes for an antibiotic, a bacterium is susceptible to that antibiotic.

Plasmids Cont'd

  • Image showing the replication and integration of plasmids within bacteria.

Bacteriophages 1

  • Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses.
  • They contain either DNA or RNA genomes, usually protected by a protein shell.
  • They can exist outside of host cells and be transmitted between cells.
  • Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells.

Bacteriophages 2

  • Image describing the transduction process in which a bacteriophage transfers a portion of a donor's DNA to a recipient bacterium.

Bacteria Chromosome

  • The bacterial genome comprises genes present on both the chromosomal and extrachromosomal genetic elements.

Pathogenicity Islands

  • Genes may form groups called pathogenicity islands.
  • Pathogenicity islands share functions or coordinate their control.
  • Pathogenicity islands are found in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Pathogenicity Islands 2

  • Some virulence mechanisms are organized into pathogenicity islands.

Quorum Sensing

  • Quorum sensing is a process where bacteria produce specific small molecules when a sufficient number (quorum) of bacteria are present.
  • This process triggers the activation of virulence and other genes.

Quorum Sensing Examples

  • The activation of toxin production and more virulent behavior in Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by increased cyclic peptide concentration.
  • Biofilm production in Pseudomonas spp. is triggered by a specific critical concentration of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL).

Transposons

  • Transposons are transferable genetic elements in the genome.
  • Transposons are mobile genetic elements.
  • Transposons can move from one position in the genome to another.
  • Two main types are replicative and non-replicative transposons.

Transposons 2

  • Transposons are pieces of DNA that can move from one location on the chromosome to another.
  • They can also move from plasmids to chromosomes or vice-versa, or between plasmids.

Two methods of transposition

  • Image showing the cut-and-paste and copy-and-paste mechanisms.

Genetic Transfer

  • Transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient occurs via three mechanisms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
  • A recombination event is necessary after transfer for genomic changes to be heritable.

Microbial Genetic Transfer between cells

  • Image and list describing mechanisms of exchanging genes (Conjugation, transformation, transduction).

Conjugation

  • Conjugation occurs between members of the same species.
  • The process involves an exchange of genetic information, where DNA is transferred from a donor cell (male) to a recipient cell (female).

Conjugation: Fig

  • Image showing the process of bacterial conjugation using a pilus.

Conjugation Cont'd

  • Plasmids contain genes that form a bridge (pilus) between bacteria.
  • Bacteria with these plasmids are designated F+.
  • The plasmid from the F+ bacterium is replicated and transferred to the F- bacterium.

Summary Question 1

  • Conjugation is the method of gene transfer involving direct contact between bacteria.

Transformation

  • DNA is released from dead or lysed bacteria.
  • Other bacteria of the same species take up these fragments.
  • The fragments are incorporated into their DNA by recombination.
  • Transformation is the process.
  • The genetically-transformed cell is called a recombinant cell.

TRANSFORMATION 1

  • Image describing the incorporation of foreign DNA into a bacterial cell.

TRANSFORMATION 2

  • Image displaying the process of DNA transfer into recipient cell.

Transduction

  • DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage.

TRANSDUCTI ON cont'd

  • Image showing the process of transduction, whereby donor's DNA is integrated into recipient's DNA.

Genetic recombination

  • This involves the exchange between two DNA molecules, resulting in new gene combinations.
  • The process entails the crossing over of two homologous chromosomes.
  • This recombination creates genetic diversity in a population.

High frequency recombinations (Hfr)

  • Image showing the Hfr process which exchanges part of the chromosome with the recipient bacterial cell.

Genetic mechanisms of evolution of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MVRSA).

  • Image describing the genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Summary

  • Summary of Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation and Transposition showing flow diagrams and images.

References

  • Medical Microbiology by Murray, Rosenthal, and Pfaller (7th edition, Chapter 13, pages 125-127).
  • Images courtesy of Google. (Various chapters, pages).

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Description

This quiz focuses on the concepts of bacteria genetic transfer as taught in the College of Medicine at King Faisal University. Students will explore terms like plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposons, and understand mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Engage with the content to enhance your knowledge in medical education and microbiology.

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