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Questions and Answers
What is the process called in which bacterial cells exchange genetic material through a physical connection?
Which of the following statements about facultative anaerobes is true?
Which method of bacterial reproduction produces identical cells by chromosome replication followed by cell division?
What do we call bacteria that consume inorganic compounds for energy?
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What is a significant consequence of the improper use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections?
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Which type of bacteria are known to develop endospores when exposed to unfavorable conditions?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of bacterial reproduction?
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Which of the following infections can be prevented through vaccination?
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What characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic bacteria from eukaryotic organisms?
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Which type of archaebacteria is known for producing methane?
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What is one of the factors used to classify eubacteria?
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Eubacteria cell walls contain which component that distinguishes them from archaebacteria?
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Which group of archaebacteria is capable of thriving in highly acidic environments?
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What color do gram-positive bacteria stain during the gram staining procedure?
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Which of the following is not a method used to classify eubacteria?
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What is a unique feature of extreme halophiles in terms of their habitat?
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Study Notes
Bacteria Notes
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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Kingdom Archaebacteria: "Ancient bacteria" resembling the first life forms on Earth. Often thrive in extreme environments like:
- Methanogens: Produce methane in low-oxygen areas, including cow intestines.
- Thermoacidophiles: Survive in high temperatures (60-250°C) and acidic environments (pH 2-4), found in hot springs like Yellowstone.
- Chemosynthesizers: Obtain energy by converting inorganic compounds (like H2S) near deep ocean vents.
- Extreme Halophiles: Survive in extremely salty conditions, up to 10 times saltier than seawater (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake).
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Kingdom Eubacteria: Distinguishable from archaebacteria by:
- Cell walls containing peptidoglycan
- Different plasma membrane lipids
- Distinct DNA structure
Classifying Eubacteria
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Shape:
- Rod-shaped (bacillus)
- Circular (coccus)
- Spiral-shaped (spirilla)
- Comma (vibrio)
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Cell Wall Composition: Determined by Gram staining:
- Gram-positive: Stain purple
- Gram-negative: Stain red
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Motility: Movement using flagella (tail-like structure)
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Colony Appearance: Groups of bacteria form colonies with diverse textures, shapes, and colors.
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Respiration:
- Aerobic: Require oxygen for survival
- Anaerobic: Do not require oxygen, may be poisoned by it
- Facultative Anaerobes: Can live with or without oxygen
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Metabolism: Energy source:
- Autotrophs: Produce their own food (photosynthetic)
- Heterotrophs: Consume other organisms
- Chemotrophs: Consume inorganic compounds
Reproduction
- Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction creating identical cells. The chromosome replicates, and the cell divides. Some bacteria double every 20 minutes.
- Conjugation: Sexual reproduction with exchange of genetic material between two bacteria through structures called pili.
- Transformation: Living bacteria absorb DNA from dead bacterial cells.
- Transduction: Viral transport of bacterial DNA between cells.
- Endospores: Some bacteria form resilient spores under unfavorable conditions. Spores can reactivate when conditions improve.
Bacterial Infections
- Treatment: Antibiotics (meaning "against living things") disrupt bacterial cell membranes or inhibit protein synthesis.
- Resistance: Incorrect antibiotic use has led to bacterial strains that are resistant to drugs.
- Prevention: Vaccines for certain bacterial infections (tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough) can prevent disease.
Examples of Bacterial Infections
- Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- Strep Throat
- Salmonella
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Pneumonia
- Diphtheria
- Syphilis
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Whooping Cough
- Chlamydia
- Bubonic Plague
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Description
This quiz explores the classification and characteristics of bacteria, focusing on prokaryotic organisms within the kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Learn about their unique adaptations to extreme environments and their structural differences.
