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Archaea typically live in extreme environments and are known as ______ due to their preference for such conditions.
Archaea typically live in extreme environments and are known as ______ due to their preference for such conditions.
extremophiles
Bacteria possess a rigid cell wall made of ______.
Bacteria possess a rigid cell wall made of ______.
peptidoglycan
Cocci bacteria have different arrangements, including diplococci and ______.
Cocci bacteria have different arrangements, including diplococci and ______.
streptococci
The rod-shaped bacteria are known as ______.
The rod-shaped bacteria are known as ______.
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Spirilla are bacteria that have a ______ shape and are often found in aquatic environments.
Spirilla are bacteria that have a ______ shape and are often found in aquatic environments.
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Basidia are specialized microscopic cells found on the ______ of fungi.
Basidia are specialized microscopic cells found on the ______ of fungi.
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The process of grouping cells together for enhanced survival is known as ______.
The process of grouping cells together for enhanced survival is known as ______.
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The ______ is the vegetative structure of the fungus responsible for growth and nutrient absorption.
The ______ is the vegetative structure of the fungus responsible for growth and nutrient absorption.
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Methanogens are unique to the group ______, as they produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.
Methanogens are unique to the group ______, as they produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.
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Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the living cells of a ______ organism.
Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the living cells of a ______ organism.
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Bacteria can be classified based on ______ requirements, including whether they require oxygen for survival.
Bacteria can be classified based on ______ requirements, including whether they require oxygen for survival.
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Predatory fungi have specialized structures for trapping ______.
Predatory fungi have specialized structures for trapping ______.
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The mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots is called ______.
The mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots is called ______.
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Saprobial fungi are important decomposers that recycle ______ in ecosystems.
Saprobial fungi are important decomposers that recycle ______ in ecosystems.
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Fungi can be classified based on their ______ structures.
Fungi can be classified based on their ______ structures.
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An example of saprobial fungi is ______ bisporus, the common mushroom.
An example of saprobial fungi is ______ bisporus, the common mushroom.
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Methanogenesis is the biological process by which methanogens produce ______.
Methanogenesis is the biological process by which methanogens produce ______.
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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that produce ______ and are important for nitrogen fixation.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that produce ______ and are important for nitrogen fixation.
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Extremophiles are microorganisms that live in very ______ or cold environments.
Extremophiles are microorganisms that live in very ______ or cold environments.
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Binary fission is a form of ______ reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.
Binary fission is a form of ______ reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.
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Beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus are used to make ______ products such as cheese and yogurt.
Beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus are used to make ______ products such as cheese and yogurt.
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Harmful bacteria can cause ______ such as strep throat and pneumonia.
Harmful bacteria can cause ______ such as strep throat and pneumonia.
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Examples of mesophiles include Escherichia and ______.
Examples of mesophiles include Escherichia and ______.
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Clostridium Botulinum is an ______ bacterium that can cause illness in humans.
Clostridium Botulinum is an ______ bacterium that can cause illness in humans.
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A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, while a haploid cell has only one set of ______.
A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, while a haploid cell has only one set of ______.
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Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, rely on ______ for transporting water and nutrients.
Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, rely on ______ for transporting water and nutrients.
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Bryophytes are nonvascular and rely on diffusion, while seedless vascular plants like ferns have ______ for transport.
Bryophytes are nonvascular and rely on diffusion, while seedless vascular plants like ferns have ______ for transport.
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The purpose of seeds is to protect and nourish the developing ______ plant.
The purpose of seeds is to protect and nourish the developing ______ plant.
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Gymnosperms reproduce by producing exposed seeds on ______.
Gymnosperms reproduce by producing exposed seeds on ______.
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The function of flowers includes attracting ______.
The function of flowers includes attracting ______.
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A cotyledon is the first leaf or pair of leaves that appear in a seed during ______.
A cotyledon is the first leaf or pair of leaves that appear in a seed during ______.
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Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed inside ______ and develop into fruits.
Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed inside ______ and develop into fruits.
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A damaged segment can still have other segments continue to function properly, providing an advantage of ______.
A damaged segment can still have other segments continue to function properly, providing an advantage of ______.
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Animals can reproduce through ______ or asexual methods.
Animals can reproduce through ______ or asexual methods.
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Ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells that develops into the skin and ______ system.
Ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells that develops into the skin and ______ system.
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Arthropods possess an exoskeleton made of ______.
Arthropods possess an exoskeleton made of ______.
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Mollusks typically have soft, unsegmented bodies, often accompanied by a hard ______.
Mollusks typically have soft, unsegmented bodies, often accompanied by a hard ______.
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Segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and bilateral symmetry are characteristics of ______.
Segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and bilateral symmetry are characteristics of ______.
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The endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive and ______ systems.
The endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive and ______ systems.
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Exoskeletons in invertebrates provide advantages such as ______ and protection.
Exoskeletons in invertebrates provide advantages such as ______ and protection.
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Angiosperms are classified into two groups based on the number of ______: monocots and dicots.
Angiosperms are classified into two groups based on the number of ______: monocots and dicots.
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Gymnosperms typically grow in ______ climates, like conifer forests.
Gymnosperms typically grow in ______ climates, like conifer forests.
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The archegonium is the female reproductive structure in plants like ferns, where ______ are produced.
The archegonium is the female reproductive structure in plants like ferns, where ______ are produced.
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Hyphae are the long, thread-like structures that form the basic building blocks of ______ growth.
Hyphae are the long, thread-like structures that form the basic building blocks of ______ growth.
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The entire network of hyphae is referred to as the ______ system of the fungus.
The entire network of hyphae is referred to as the ______ system of the fungus.
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The fruiting body is the reproductive structure of the fungus, which produces and releases ______.
The fruiting body is the reproductive structure of the fungus, which produces and releases ______.
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Gills or lamellae are thin structures found under the cap of many mushrooms that house the reproductive ______.
Gills or lamellae are thin structures found under the cap of many mushrooms that house the reproductive ______.
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The sporophyte is the diploid stage in the plant life cycle that produces ______ for reproduction.
The sporophyte is the diploid stage in the plant life cycle that produces ______ for reproduction.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Diversity
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Autotroph vs. Heterotroph:
- Autotrophs make their own food, utilize inorganic carbon as a source, and are independent in the food chain (first trophic level).
- Heterotrophs obtain nutrients from other organisms, utilize organic carbon as a source, and are dependent in the food chain (second and third trophic levels).
- Both require a carbon source and are part of a food chain.
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Asexual vs. Sexual:
- Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring genetically identical to that parent (e.g., binary fission in bacteria, spores in hyphae).
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation (e.g., meiosis in gamete cells).
- Both involve the passage of genetic material from parent to offspring thus producing new generation(s).
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote:
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have free-floating DNA within the cytoplasm. They lack complex organelles.
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains their DNA, and contain complex organelles (e.g., mitochondria).
- Both have a cell membrane, DNA, and the ability to reproduce or divide.
Viruses
- Definition: Viruses are infectious agents consisting of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). They are not cells.
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Characteristics:
- Tiny, infectious particles.
- Do not fit into the 6-kingdom system.
- Show few characteristics of living cells.
- Need a host cell to survive and reproduce.
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Categories:
- DNA viruses
- RNA viruses
- Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages)
- Plant viruses
- Animal viruses
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Why not considered living:
- Cannot produce their own cellular energy or proteins.
- Can be crystallized, a characteristic of non-living things.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differences
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Shape and Size:
- Prokaryotes (1-10 μm) range from tiny spheres (cocci) to elongated rods (bacilli) to spirals.
- Eukaryotes are larger (100-1000 μm).
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Cell division:
- Prokaryotes use binary fission, a type of asexual reproduction where one cell divides into two identical cells.
- Eukaryotes' cell division is complex, including mitosis and meiosis for sexual reproduction
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Genetic material:
- Prokaryotes have circular DNA
- Eukaryotes have linear DNA arranged in multiple chromosomes inside a membrane-bound nucleus
Archaea and Bacteria Differences
- Peptidoglycan: Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan, whereas Archaea do not.
- Extremophiles: Many Archaea thrive in extreme environments (e.g., high salt, high temperature), which bacteria do not.
- Metabolic pathways: Some metabolic pathways are different in Archaea than in bacteria.
Bacteria Classification
- Gram staining: A method to differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition (gram-positive or gram-negative)
- Oxygen requirements: Some bacteria require oxygen (aerobic) while others do not (anaerobic).
- Metabolic pathways: Bacteria have diverse metabolic activities important for various biological processes.
- Reproduction: reproduce asexually via binary fission
Bacterias Aggregations
- Purpose : Bacterial cells aggregate to benefit survival
- Benefits: enhance the survival of cells by working together.
Methanogens
- Metanogens are archaea, a unique prokaryotic group
- Methanogenesis: Metabolic process that produces methane as a waste product by converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Cyanobacteria
- Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria
- Photosynthetic bacteria release oxygen and are important for nitrogen.
Binary Fission
- Type of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Harmful and Beneficial Bacteria
- Harmful: cause diseases and food spoilage
- Beneficial: Decomposition, digestion, nitrogen fixation, and production useful substances
Protists
- Definition: Eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi.
- Features: Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Obtain nutrition in various ways (autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprozoic). Often contain a nucleus and other organelles. Commonly reproduce asexually by binary fission.
- Types: Animal-like (protozoa), plant-like (algae), or fungus-like protists.
Plant Evolution and Diversity
- Algae: The evolutionary link between algae and plants is thought to be green algae.
Plant reproduction
- Sexual life cycle: Involves meiosis to produces haploid gametes and fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
- Life cycle in plants (vascular plants): Includes alternation of generations with a distinct diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.
Reproduction in flowering plants
- Flowers: reproductive organs of flowering plants.
- Seeds: contain embryo and are protected by seed coat.
Key features of Plant evolution
- Vascular tissue: Needed to transport water and nutrients; efficient transport systems.
Land plant adaptations
- Vascular tissue and true roots: efficient transport systems for water and nutrients.
- Embryos protected by seeds: survival of young plants
- Flowers: crucial for reproduction as mechanisms for pollination.
Fungi
- Structure: Composed of hyphae.
- Types of Hyphae: - Separated by cross-walls (septa) = septate - Without septa (non-septate) = coenocytic
- Mycelium: the interwoven network of hyphae in many fungi.
- Nutrition: Saprophytic (decomposers), parasitic, mutualistic (symbiotic associations) with other organisms.
- Reproduction: Asexually (spores) or sexually (fusion of hyphae). Fruiting bodies bear reproductive structures (like mushrooms, and conks).
- Classification: Different modes of nutrition, reproductive structures and the type of spores are the main criteria for classifying fungi.
Animals
- Levels of organization: Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
- Body symmetry: Radial (symmetry around a central axis), bilateral (symmetry along a central plane), asymmetrical.
- Body cavity: Acoelomates (no body cavity), pseudocoelomates (false body cavity), coelomates (true body cavity).
- Segmentation: Division of the body into repeating segments.
- Characteristics: Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms lacking cell walls
Invertebrate and Vertebrate
- Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone
- Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone
Fish. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
- Classifications: Based on physical traits, reproductive strategies and evolution.
Oviparous vs Viviparous
- Oviparous: Animals that lay eggs (e.g., reptiles, birds, some fish, and amphibians).
- Viviparous: Animals that give birth to live young (e.g., mammals).
- Monotremes: lay eggs, but provide milk to nourish their young.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics and classifications of bacteria and fungi. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the structures, metabolic processes, and habitats of these microorganisms. Perfect for students in microbiology or related fields.
