Bacteria and Fungi Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Archaea typically live in extreme environments and are known as ______ due to their preference for such conditions.

extremophiles

Bacteria possess a rigid cell wall made of ______.

peptidoglycan

Cocci bacteria have different arrangements, including diplococci and ______.

streptococci

The rod-shaped bacteria are known as ______.

<p>bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spirilla are bacteria that have a ______ shape and are often found in aquatic environments.

<p>spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basidia are specialized microscopic cells found on the ______ of fungi.

<p>gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of grouping cells together for enhanced survival is known as ______.

<p>aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the vegetative structure of the fungus responsible for growth and nutrient absorption.

<p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methanogens are unique to the group ______, as they produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.

<p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the living cells of a ______ organism.

<p>host</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can be classified based on ______ requirements, including whether they require oxygen for survival.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Predatory fungi have specialized structures for trapping ______.

<p>prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots is called ______.

<p>mycorrhiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saprobial fungi are important decomposers that recycle ______ in ecosystems.

<p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi can be classified based on their ______ structures.

<p>reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of saprobial fungi is ______ bisporus, the common mushroom.

<p>Agaricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methanogenesis is the biological process by which methanogens produce ______.

<p>methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that produce ______ and are important for nitrogen fixation.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extremophiles are microorganisms that live in very ______ or cold environments.

<p>hot</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binary fission is a form of ______ reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

<p>asexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus are used to make ______ products such as cheese and yogurt.

<p>dairy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harmful bacteria can cause ______ such as strep throat and pneumonia.

<p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of mesophiles include Escherichia and ______.

<p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium Botulinum is an ______ bacterium that can cause illness in humans.

<p>anaerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, while a haploid cell has only one set of ______.

<p>chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, rely on ______ for transporting water and nutrients.

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophytes are nonvascular and rely on diffusion, while seedless vascular plants like ferns have ______ for transport.

<p>vascular tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of seeds is to protect and nourish the developing ______ plant.

<p>embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gymnosperms reproduce by producing exposed seeds on ______.

<p>cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of flowers includes attracting ______.

<p>pollinators</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cotyledon is the first leaf or pair of leaves that appear in a seed during ______.

<p>germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed inside ______ and develop into fruits.

<p>flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

A damaged segment can still have other segments continue to function properly, providing an advantage of ______.

<p>segmental organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals can reproduce through ______ or asexual methods.

<p>sexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells that develops into the skin and ______ system.

<p>nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthropods possess an exoskeleton made of ______.

<p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mollusks typically have soft, unsegmented bodies, often accompanied by a hard ______.

<p>shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and bilateral symmetry are characteristics of ______.

<p>arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive and ______ systems.

<p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exoskeletons in invertebrates provide advantages such as ______ and protection.

<p>support</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiosperms are classified into two groups based on the number of ______: monocots and dicots.

<p>cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gymnosperms typically grow in ______ climates, like conifer forests.

<p>cooler</p> Signup and view all the answers

The archegonium is the female reproductive structure in plants like ferns, where ______ are produced.

<p>eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyphae are the long, thread-like structures that form the basic building blocks of ______ growth.

<p>fungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The entire network of hyphae is referred to as the ______ system of the fungus.

<p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fruiting body is the reproductive structure of the fungus, which produces and releases ______.

<p>spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gills or lamellae are thin structures found under the cap of many mushrooms that house the reproductive ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sporophyte is the diploid stage in the plant life cycle that produces ______ for reproduction.

<p>spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Methanogens

A group of microorganisms that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism.

Methanogenesis

The process by which methanogens produce methane.

Archaea

A type of microscopic organism that lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall and thrives in extreme environments.

Bacteria

A type of microscopic organism that possesses a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan and typically thrives in moderate environments.

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Cocci

Spherical-shaped bacteria that can arrange themselves in various formations like chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or groups of four (tetrads).

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Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria that can arrange themselves individually or in pairs (diplobacilli).

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Spirilla

Spiral-shaped bacteria with a rigid structure and flagella for movement.

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Binary fission

The process by which bacteria reproduce asexually, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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Anaerobic organisms

Organisms that thrive in environments lacking oxygen.

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Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen and are crucial for nitrogen fixation in many aquatic environments.

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Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme environments, such as very hot or very cold temperatures.

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Mesophiles

Organisms that prefer moderate temperatures and are commonly found in everyday environments.

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Harmful bacteria

Bacteria that are harmful to humans or other organisms.

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Diploid vs. Haploid

A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, while a haploid cell has only one set of chromosomes, which is half the number found in diploid cells.

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Nonvascular vs. Vascular Plants

Nonvascular plants, like mosses, lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients, so they rely on diffusion. Vascular plants, like ferns and trees, have vascular tissues that efficiently move water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.

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Bryophytes, Seedless Vascular, and Seedless Nonvascular Plants

Bryophytes are nonvascular and rely on diffusion for water and nutrient transport. Seedless vascular plants (like ferns) have vascular tissues for transport but reproduce through spores, while seedless nonvascular plants lack vascular tissues and also reproduce by spores.

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Purpose of Seeds

The purpose of seeds is to protect and nourish the developing embryo plant, allowing it to survive in various environmental conditions until it can grow.

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Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm Reproduction

Gymnosperms reproduce by producing exposed seeds on cones, while angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed inside flowers and develop into fruits. Gymnosperms are usually pollinated by wind, while angiosperms often rely on animals or insects for pollination.

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Gymnosperm and Angiosperm Similarities

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are similar because both are seed-producing plants. They both go through a process of pollination and fertilization to create seeds for reproduction.

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Function of Flowers and Fruits

Flowers attract pollinators and facilitate fertilization. Fruits protect developing seeds and aid in seed dispersal.

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What is a Cotyledon?

A cotyledon is the first leaf or pair of leaves that appear in a seed during germination. The number of cotyledons is used to classify angiosperms.

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Gymnosperms

A group of vascular seed-bearing plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed within fruits. Common examples are conifers like pine trees and cycads.

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Angiosperms

A group of vascular seed-bearing plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are the most diverse group of plants, encompassing a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors.

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Archegonium

The female reproductive structure in plants like ferns, where eggs are produced.

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Antheridium

The male reproductive structure in plants like ferns, where sperm are made.

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Sporophyte

The diploid stage in the plant life cycle that produces spores for reproduction. It is the dominant stage in ferns.

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Pinna

A small leaf or leaflet in ferns, usually part of a larger frond.

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Sori

Clusters of sporangia (spore-producing structures) found on the underside of fern leaves.

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Hyphae

The long, thread-like structures that form the basic building blocks of fungal growth. They function in nutrient absorption, growth, and reproduction.

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What are basidia?

Specialized cells on mushroom gills that produce spores.

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What is a mycelium?

The network of thread-like structures that make up the body of a fungus, responsible for growth and nutrient absorption.

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What is a fruiting body?

The reproductive structure of a fungus, often visible as a mushroom, that produces and releases spores for dispersal.

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How do fungi get their food?

Fungi obtain their nutrients by breaking down organic matter outside their bodies using enzymes. They can be saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic.

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What are parasitic fungi?

Fungi that live on and get their nutrients from living organisms, often causing harm to their host.

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What are predatory fungi?

Fungi that have special structures for trapping and consuming small organisms like nematodes.

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What are mutualistic fungi?

Fungi that have beneficial partnerships with other organisms, like plants, where both organisms benefit.

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What are saprobial fungi?

Fungi that break down dead organic matter, playing a vital role in recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

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Ectoderm

The outermost cell layer in an early embryo that develops into skin, nervous system, and other structures.

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Mesoderm

The middle cell layer in an early embryo, giving rise to muscles, bones, circulatory system, and other internal structures.

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Endoderm

The innermost cell layer in an early embryo that develops into the lining of digestive and respiratory systems and other internal organs.

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Exoskeleton

A hard, external covering that provides support and protection for invertebrates like insects and crustaceans.

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Endoskeleton

A rigid internal framework that provides support and protection for vertebrates like humans and animals.

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Arthropods

A group of invertebrates that are often characterized by their hard exoskeletons made of chitin, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and bilateral symmetry.

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Mollusks

A group of invertebrates commonly known for their soft, unsegmented bodies often with a hard shell, a mantle that secretes the shell, a muscular foot for movement, and a radula for feeding.

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Movement

The ability of an organism to move independently. In animals, it can be complex and rapid due to specialized tissues like nerves and muscles.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Diversity

  • Autotroph vs. Heterotroph:
    • Autotrophs make their own food, utilize inorganic carbon as a source, and are independent in the food chain (first trophic level).
    • Heterotrophs obtain nutrients from other organisms, utilize organic carbon as a source, and are dependent in the food chain (second and third trophic levels).
    • Both require a carbon source and are part of a food chain.
  • Asexual vs. Sexual:
    • Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring genetically identical to that parent (e.g., binary fission in bacteria, spores in hyphae).
    • Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation (e.g., meiosis in gamete cells).
    • Both involve the passage of genetic material from parent to offspring thus producing new generation(s).
  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote:
    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have free-floating DNA within the cytoplasm. They lack complex organelles.
    • Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains their DNA, and contain complex organelles (e.g., mitochondria).
    • Both have a cell membrane, DNA, and the ability to reproduce or divide.

Viruses

  • Definition: Viruses are infectious agents consisting of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). They are not cells.
  • Characteristics:
    • Tiny, infectious particles.
    • Do not fit into the 6-kingdom system.
    • Show few characteristics of living cells.
    • Need a host cell to survive and reproduce.
  • Categories:
    • DNA viruses
    • RNA viruses
    • Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages)
    • Plant viruses
    • Animal viruses
  • Why not considered living:
    • Cannot produce their own cellular energy or proteins.
    • Can be crystallized, a characteristic of non-living things.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differences

  • Shape and Size:
    • Prokaryotes (1-10 μm) range from tiny spheres (cocci) to elongated rods (bacilli) to spirals.
    • Eukaryotes are larger (100-1000 μm).
  • Cell division:
    • Prokaryotes use binary fission, a type of asexual reproduction where one cell divides into two identical cells.
    • Eukaryotes' cell division is complex, including mitosis and meiosis for sexual reproduction
  • Genetic material:
    • Prokaryotes have circular DNA
    • Eukaryotes have linear DNA arranged in multiple chromosomes inside a membrane-bound nucleus

Archaea and Bacteria Differences

  • Peptidoglycan: Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan, whereas Archaea do not.
  • Extremophiles: Many Archaea thrive in extreme environments (e.g., high salt, high temperature), which bacteria do not.
  • Metabolic pathways: Some metabolic pathways are different in Archaea than in bacteria.

Bacteria Classification

  • Gram staining: A method to differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition (gram-positive or gram-negative)
  • Oxygen requirements: Some bacteria require oxygen (aerobic) while others do not (anaerobic).
  • Metabolic pathways: Bacteria have diverse metabolic activities important for various biological processes.
  • Reproduction: reproduce asexually via binary fission

Bacterias Aggregations

  • Purpose : Bacterial cells aggregate to benefit survival
  • Benefits: enhance the survival of cells by working together.

Methanogens

  • Metanogens are archaea, a unique prokaryotic group
  • Methanogenesis: Metabolic process that produces methane as a waste product by converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Cyanobacteria

  • Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria
  • Photosynthetic bacteria release oxygen and are important for nitrogen.

Binary Fission

  • Type of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Harmful and Beneficial Bacteria

  • Harmful: cause diseases and food spoilage
  • Beneficial: Decomposition, digestion, nitrogen fixation, and production useful substances

Protists

  • Definition: Eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi.
  • Features: Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Obtain nutrition in various ways (autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprozoic). Often contain a nucleus and other organelles. Commonly reproduce asexually by binary fission.
  • Types: Animal-like (protozoa), plant-like (algae), or fungus-like protists.

Plant Evolution and Diversity

  • Algae: The evolutionary link between algae and plants is thought to be green algae.

Plant reproduction

  • Sexual life cycle: Involves meiosis to produces haploid gametes and fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
  • Life cycle in plants (vascular plants): Includes alternation of generations with a distinct diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.

Reproduction in flowering plants

  • Flowers: reproductive organs of flowering plants.
  • Seeds: contain embryo and are protected by seed coat.

Key features of Plant evolution

  • Vascular tissue: Needed to transport water and nutrients; efficient transport systems.

Land plant adaptations

  • Vascular tissue and true roots: efficient transport systems for water and nutrients.
  • Embryos protected by seeds: survival of young plants
  • Flowers: crucial for reproduction as mechanisms for pollination.

Fungi

  • Structure: Composed of hyphae.
  • Types of Hyphae: - Separated by cross-walls (septa) = septate - Without septa (non-septate) = coenocytic
  • Mycelium: the interwoven network of hyphae in many fungi.
  • Nutrition: Saprophytic (decomposers), parasitic, mutualistic (symbiotic associations) with other organisms.
  • Reproduction: Asexually (spores) or sexually (fusion of hyphae). Fruiting bodies bear reproductive structures (like mushrooms, and conks).
  • Classification: Different modes of nutrition, reproductive structures and the type of spores are the main criteria for classifying fungi.

Animals

  • Levels of organization: Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
  • Body symmetry: Radial (symmetry around a central axis), bilateral (symmetry along a central plane), asymmetrical.
  • Body cavity: Acoelomates (no body cavity), pseudocoelomates (false body cavity), coelomates (true body cavity).
  • Segmentation: Division of the body into repeating segments.
  • Characteristics: Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms lacking cell walls

Invertebrate and Vertebrate

  • Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone
  • Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone

Fish. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

  • Classifications: Based on physical traits, reproductive strategies and evolution.

Oviparous vs Viviparous

  • Oviparous: Animals that lay eggs (e.g., reptiles, birds, some fish, and amphibians).
  • Viviparous: Animals that give birth to live young (e.g., mammals).
  • Monotremes: lay eggs, but provide milk to nourish their young.

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