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Backup and Recovery

• Understanding different backup types (full, incremental, differential) is crucial for disaster recovery planning.
• Full backups copy the entire database, while incremental backups only copy changes since the last full or incremental backup.
• Differential backups copy changes since the last full backup.
• RMAN (Recovery Manager) is a powerful tool for managing backups and restores.
• Efficient backup strategies minimize downtime and ensure data integrity.
• Recovery procedures should be tested regularly to ensure success in case of a failure.
• Database restore procedures are necessary for recovering data after a failure.
• Effective backup design includes choosing the right backup type, frequency, and retention policy.
• Understanding recovery time objectives (RTO) and recovery point objectives (RPO) helps design an effective backup strategy.

SQL Query Optimization

• Understanding query execution plans is essential for optimizing queries.
• Indexing can significantly speed up query performance. Choosing appropriate indexes is critical.
• Using appropriate join types (e.g., inner, outer) ensures optimal join performance.
• Avoiding correlated subqueries or using appropriate techniques for reducing their impact.
• Using appropriate data types for columns to prevent implicit conversions during query execution.
• Writing efficient SQL queries, including correct use of WHERE, JOIN, GROUP BY, ORDER BY clauses.
• Employing the use of hints to influence query plan for maximum performance.
• Using appropriate techniques for filtering large datasets (e.g. IN, EXISTS, NOT IN).
• Analyzing query performance using monitoring tools and SQL trace facilities to identify performance bottlenecks.

Data Security

• Data encryption plays a key role in safeguarding sensitive information.
• Access control mechanisms, such as roles, privileges, and users, should be implemented.
• Applying proper security measures to protect data at rest and in transit.
• Implementing audit trails to track database activity is essential for security monitoring.
• Data masking and pseudonymisation techniques can protect sensitive data while still allowing analysis.
• Understanding the importance of least privilege principle in granting access.
• Robust password policies and regular password changes are important to secure accounts.
• Monitoring for security threats and responding promptly is crucial.
• Securing the database server's physical location is important.
• Implementing Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPSs) is critical.

Performance Tuning

• Database performance tuning involves identifying and addressing bottlenecks.
• Using appropriate hardware resources for the database such as RAM, CPU capacity.
• Tuning buffer cache size for optimal performance.
• Monitoring system performance with database monitoring tools.
• Monitoring wait events for insight into bottlenecks during queries.
• Understanding the performance considerations involving the optimizer and query plan. Use of the execution plan is critical.
• Correct indexing, statistics collection, and maintaining statistics in the database schema are important to ensure optimal performance.
• Performance tuning requires understanding the workload on the database system.
• Adjusting parameters according to workload changes to maintain performance.
• Employ tools to monitor for lock contention which impacts performance.
• Understanding and tuning the database configuration parameters for best performance.