30 Questions
Which enzyme in the intestinal brush border hydrolyzes oligosaccharides to glucose?
Maltase
Which disaccharide is degraded by sucrase in the small intestine?
Sucrose
What is the primary sugar transport mechanism from the intestinal lumen into cells for glucose and galactose?
Symport with Na+ (SGLT1)
What enzyme hydrolyzes 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch to yield maltose and maltotriose?
Amylase
Which enzyme degrades lactose to glucose and galactose?
Lactase
How are glucose and galactose transported from the cell to blood after absorption in the small intestine?
Facilitated diffusion (GLUT2)
What is the fate of pancreatic proteases after their digestive work is complete?
They degrade each other and are absorbed along with dietary proteins.
How are the digestive products of protein absorbed?
As amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.
Which type of amino acid transport occurs in the luminal membrane via Na+-dependent amino acid cotransport?
Neutral amino acids.
What happens to dipeptides and tripeptides after they are transported into intestinal cells?
Cytoplasmic peptidases hydrolyze them to amino acids.
What effect does low duodenal pH have on pancreatic lipase?
Inactivates pancreatic lipase.
How does ileal resection affect the bile acid pool?
Depletes the bile acid pool because bile acids do not recirculate to the liver.
What is the mechanism by which some strains of Escherichia coli cause diarrhea?
Opening of Cl- channels in the luminal membrane
How does the inclusion of glucose in oral rehydration solutions help counteract secretory losses?
Stimulates absorption via Na+-glucose cotransport
Which of the following should be asked when assessing a child with diarrhea according to the WHO history?
Number of watery stools per day
How should skin turgor be assessed to check for signs of dehydration in a child?
Pinching and releasing the skin over the abdomen
What is one of the signs indicating dehydration when offering water or ORS solution to a child with diarrhea?
Child refuses to drink
What is the main purpose of assessing pre-illness feeding practices and immunization history in a child with diarrhea?
To identify potential causes and risk factors
What is the recommended treatment for Asymptomatic cyst excretors infected with Entamoeba histolytica?
Iodoquinol PO for 30-40 mg/kg/day for 20 days
In high-income countries, when is judicious treatment of Shigella spp. recommended?
For moderate to severe disease, immunocompromised patients, preventive measures in certain settings
For which group does WHO recommend empiric antibiotics for dysentery caused by Shigella?
For all children in developing countries
What is the treatment duration with Tinidazole for mild to moderate intestinal disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
5 days
When should treatment for Shigella spp. be considered in high-income countries according to the text?
For moderate to severe disease, immunocompromised patients, or to prevent/mitigate outbreaks in specific settings
What should follow the initial treatment of Entamoeba histolytica infections to prevent relapse?
Iodoquinol PO tid × 20 days
What is the most appropriate indication for the adjunctive use of corticosteroids at the onset of anti-Pneumocystis therapy?
Po2 less than 70 mm Hg
Which prophylactic regimen is effective in preventing Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with HIV?
800 mg sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim once daily
Why is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole considered as adjunctive therapy for incision and drainage of complicated MRSA abscesses?
Increasing incidence of community-acquired MRSA infections
Which infection is NOT effectively treated with a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or gentamicin?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
What is a common feature of the lower prophylactic doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
Less frequent adverse reactions
In the treatment of brucellosis, what can be an effective substitute for the doxycycline combination?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Learn about the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the small intestine according to BRS 2019. Understand how the presence of the brush border increases the surface area for absorption and the specifics of carbohydrate digestion.
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