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Questions and Answers

What is the function of trypsin inhibitors secreted by acinar and ductal cells?

  • To promote the secretion of glucagon
  • To enhance the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue
  • To activate proenzymes in the pancreas
  • To limit intrapancreatic trypsin activity (correct)

Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the initiation of acute pancreatitis?

  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Ethanol consumption
  • Celiac disease (correct)
  • Biliary tract disease

What is the primary mechanism by which autodigestion of the pancreas occurs in acute pancreatitis?

  • Defective synthesis of proenzymes
  • Activation of pancreatic enzymes outside of the pancreas
  • Inappropriate release and activation of pancreatic enzymes (correct)
  • Excessive production of glucagon

Which of the following statements about the pathways leading to acute pancreatitis is accurate?

<p>Defective intracellular transport of proenzymes can contribute to the condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pain experienced in acute pancreatitis?

<p>Release of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic parenchyma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily associated with the occurrence of chronic gastritis in patients infected with H. pylori?

<p>Breakdown of the protective mucous layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

<p>Acid and pepsin action on the gastric mucosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic clinical manifestation of gastric ulcers compared to duodenal ulcers?

<p>Pain typically occurs on an empty stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical complication associated with H. pylori infection?

<p>Esophageal varices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ischemic bowel disease, which risk factor could lead to inadequate blood flow to the intestine?

<p>Hypotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the telescoping of a part of the bowel into another segment?

<p>Intussusception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with mechanical intestinal obstruction?

<p>Abdominal pain and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract that contributes to peptic ulcer disease?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does HBsAg typically peak in an acute infection?

<p>Before the onset of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the persistence of HBeAg in a patient's serum?

<p>It signifies active viral replication and potential progression to chronic hepatitis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Anti-HBs antibodies and chronic liver disease?

<p>Anti-HBs antibodies are typically absent in cases that progress to chronic liver disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of strains of HBV may not produce HBeAg despite being replication competent?

<p>Mutated strains of HBV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serological marker is associated with the waning of acute HBV infection?

<p>Anti-HBe antibody (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario can a serologic diagnosis of recent HBV infection be made without HBsAg detection?

<p>By detecting IgM anti-HBc antibody (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of hepatitis C virus are commonly found in the northern regions?

<p>Values 2 and 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a key indicator of probable progression to chronic hepatitis?

<p>Persistence of HBeAg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can HBsAg remain detectable in individuals who clear the infection?

<p>Up to 24 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is most notable about Type 1 hepatitis C virus?

<p>It is the most common type in North America. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis?

<p>Low serum IgG levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed trigger for the immune reaction in autoimmune hepatitis?

<p>Viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ethanol metabolism is true?

<p>It is metabolized primarily to acetaldehyde in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which histological feature is typical of autoimmune hepatitis?

<p>Presence of plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what blood alcohol concentration level does drowsiness typically occur?

<p>200 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does alcohol dehydrogenase play in the metabolism of ethanol?

<p>Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible consequence of high blood alcohol levels?

<p>Stupor and coma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoantibody is typically found in high levels in autoimmune hepatitis diagnosis?

<p>Anti-smooth muscle antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ethanol is excreted unchanged in urine, sweat, and breath?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a reversible effect of acute alcoholism?

<p>Permanent liver damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in the liver as people age?

<p>Decrease in liver size and blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is more commonly associated with ischemic hepatitis in older patients?

<p>Cardiovascular disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation?

<p>Prolonged fasting or rapid weight loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant phase in the pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstone formation?

<p>Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones?

<p>Women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most characteristic of biliary colic?

<p>RUQ pain after eating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chronic condition may lead to primary sclerosing cholangitis in older adults?

<p>Ulcerative colitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines chronic cholelithiasis?

<p>Intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct causing pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition can lead to the precipitation of cholesterol in bile?

<p>Low levels of lecithin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of acute cholecystitis?

<p>Fibrosis and thickening of the gallbladder wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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