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What is the function of trypsin inhibitors secreted by acinar and ductal cells?

  • To promote the secretion of glucagon
  • To enhance the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue
  • To activate proenzymes in the pancreas
  • To limit intrapancreatic trypsin activity (correct)
  • Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the initiation of acute pancreatitis?

  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Ethanol consumption
  • Celiac disease (correct)
  • Biliary tract disease
  • What is the primary mechanism by which autodigestion of the pancreas occurs in acute pancreatitis?

  • Defective synthesis of proenzymes
  • Activation of pancreatic enzymes outside of the pancreas
  • Inappropriate release and activation of pancreatic enzymes (correct)
  • Excessive production of glucagon
  • Which of the following statements about the pathways leading to acute pancreatitis is accurate?

    <p>Defective intracellular transport of proenzymes can contribute to the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain experienced in acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Release of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily associated with the occurrence of chronic gastritis in patients infected with H. pylori?

    <p>Breakdown of the protective mucous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

    <p>Acid and pepsin action on the gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical manifestation of gastric ulcers compared to duodenal ulcers?

    <p>Pain typically occurs on an empty stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical complication associated with H. pylori infection?

    <p>Esophageal varices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ischemic bowel disease, which risk factor could lead to inadequate blood flow to the intestine?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the telescoping of a part of the bowel into another segment?

    <p>Intussusception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with mechanical intestinal obstruction?

    <p>Abdominal pain and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract that contributes to peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does HBsAg typically peak in an acute infection?

    <p>Before the onset of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the persistence of HBeAg in a patient's serum?

    <p>It signifies active viral replication and potential progression to chronic hepatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Anti-HBs antibodies and chronic liver disease?

    <p>Anti-HBs antibodies are typically absent in cases that progress to chronic liver disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of strains of HBV may not produce HBeAg despite being replication competent?

    <p>Mutated strains of HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological marker is associated with the waning of acute HBV infection?

    <p>Anti-HBe antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario can a serologic diagnosis of recent HBV infection be made without HBsAg detection?

    <p>By detecting IgM anti-HBc antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of hepatitis C virus are commonly found in the northern regions?

    <p>Values 2 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a key indicator of probable progression to chronic hepatitis?

    <p>Persistence of HBeAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can HBsAg remain detectable in individuals who clear the infection?

    <p>Up to 24 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is most notable about Type 1 hepatitis C virus?

    <p>It is the most common type in North America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis?

    <p>Low serum IgG levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed trigger for the immune reaction in autoimmune hepatitis?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ethanol metabolism is true?

    <p>It is metabolized primarily to acetaldehyde in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological feature is typical of autoimmune hepatitis?

    <p>Presence of plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what blood alcohol concentration level does drowsiness typically occur?

    <p>200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does alcohol dehydrogenase play in the metabolism of ethanol?

    <p>Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible consequence of high blood alcohol levels?

    <p>Stupor and coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoantibody is typically found in high levels in autoimmune hepatitis diagnosis?

    <p>Anti-smooth muscle antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of ethanol is excreted unchanged in urine, sweat, and breath?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a reversible effect of acute alcoholism?

    <p>Permanent liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the liver as people age?

    <p>Decrease in liver size and blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is more commonly associated with ischemic hepatitis in older patients?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation?

    <p>Prolonged fasting or rapid weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant phase in the pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstone formation?

    <p>Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones?

    <p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most characteristic of biliary colic?

    <p>RUQ pain after eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chronic condition may lead to primary sclerosing cholangitis in older adults?

    <p>Ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines chronic cholelithiasis?

    <p>Intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct causing pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition can lead to the precipitation of cholesterol in bile?

    <p>Low levels of lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Fibrosis and thickening of the gallbladder wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

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