Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes B+ - trees from B - trees?
What distinguishes B+ - trees from B - trees?
- Only leaf nodes in B+ - trees contain data pointers. (correct)
- B+ - trees store data pointers in all nodes.
- Leaf nodes in B - trees do not contain key values.
- Non-leaf nodes in B+ - trees have unique key values.
In a B+ - tree, where are all the key values located?
In a B+ - tree, where are all the key values located?
- In the leaf nodes along with corresponding data pointers. (correct)
- In both leaf and non-leaf nodes but uniquely in non-leaf nodes.
- Only in the root node.
- Only in the non-leaf nodes.
What is the function of higher-level nodes in a B+ - tree?
What is the function of higher-level nodes in a B+ - tree?
- They only contain a subset of key values present in the leaf nodes. (correct)
- They store the pointers to all data in the leaf nodes.
- They serve as data storage areas for sequential access.
- They contain all the data records in the tree.
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between B+ - trees and DBMS implementations?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between B+ - trees and DBMS implementations?
What is the primary advantage of having every key value occur in a leaf node in a B+ - tree?
What is the primary advantage of having every key value occur in a leaf node in a B+ - tree?
What is one outcome of a split or merger at the parent level in a B-tree?
What is one outcome of a split or merger at the parent level in a B-tree?
How does the height of a B-tree affect the number of block accesses during a search?
How does the height of a B-tree affect the number of block accesses during a search?
What is a consequence of having a non-balanced B-tree?
What is a consequence of having a non-balanced B-tree?
What was one primary reason for using B-trees as a file organization technique?
What was one primary reason for using B-trees as a file organization technique?
What does the term 'k' refer to in the context of a B-tree?
What does the term 'k' refer to in the context of a B-tree?
What innovation did Rudolf Bayer and Edward McCreight contribute to data structures?
What innovation did Rudolf Bayer and Edward McCreight contribute to data structures?
Why can B-trees be inefficient for large files with many fields?
Why can B-trees be inefficient for large files with many fields?
What implication does balancing have on B-tree performance?
What implication does balancing have on B-tree performance?
Flashcards
B+ Tree
B+ Tree
A specialized type of tree data structure used for indexing in databases. B+ trees are similar to B trees but only store data pointers in leaf nodes. All key values are present in both leaf nodes and non-leaf nodes, ensuring efficient data access.
B Tree
B Tree
A specialized type of tree data structure used for indexing in databases. B trees are similar to B+ trees but store data pointers in both leaf and non-leaf nodes.
Data Pointer
Data Pointer
The address within a block of secondary storage where data is located. It essentially points to where the actual data is stored.
Search Keys
Search Keys
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Seek Time
Seek Time
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Order of a B-Tree
Order of a B-Tree
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Node Split
Node Split
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Node Merge
Node Merge
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Root Node
Root Node
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Balanced B-Tree
Balanced B-Tree
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Insertion in B-Tree
Insertion in B-Tree
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Deletion in B-Tree
Deletion in B-Tree
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Study Notes
B-Trees
- B-trees are search trees impacting parent nodes, adding or deleting tree pointers and key values.
- Node splits or merges at the parent node level might occur.
- Changes may propagate up to the root, but the number of changes is restricted by the tree height.
- This is significantly less than if the index was a sequential file.
- Predicting block accesses during B-tree searches is complex.
- Various configurations exist, each node potentially storing between k and 2k key values (excluding the root).
- Tree shapes depend on node splits and merges.
- Search times vary. For example, searching for key value 24 in figure 12.27 required 3, 1, and 2 block accesses in 3 different B-trees.
- Searching for key value 17 required 3, 2, and 1 block accesses, respectively.
- Tree height (and thus maximum block access) decreases with increasing tree order.
- Balanced B-trees are critical to consistent search times.
- A non-balanced B-tree results in varying search times for different leaf nodes, due to different paths from root to leaf.
- B-trees also serve as primary file organization techniques.
- Nodes in this case contain search key values and tree pointers, but data pointers are replaced with data fields of records matching search keys.
- This approach can be efficient with small files containing records with few fields.
- B-trees were designed in 1971 by Rudolf Bayer and Edward McCreight at Boeing Research Labs.
B+-Trees
- Most database management systems (DBMS) use B+-trees as indexes.
- B+-trees differ from B-trees in data pointer placement.
- Only leaf nodes in B+-trees contain data pointers.
- All key values in non-leaf nodes are replicated in leaf nodes to ensure every key value appears with a data pointer in a leaf node.
- Higher-level nodes only contain a subset of key values from the leaf nodes.
- Each leaf node contains a record pointer for read/write operations.
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