Questions and Answers
What chromosome is the B Cell light chain found on?
How many genes does the light chain of a B cell have to recombine?
Which chromosome is the heavy chain of a B cell found on?
How many genes does the heavy chain of a B cell have to recombine?
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The light chain of a B cell contains a diversity region
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What kind of recombination occurs on a B cell light chain?
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Which regions are present in heavy chains?
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Which antibody is expressed first in antibodies?
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What makes a monomer on the surface of B cells?
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What contains multiple V, D, J genes?
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What is comprised of VJ and multiple combinations of VDJ
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What will most B cells be
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How many loci does the heavy chain have?
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What do the enzymes recognize on a light or heavy chain?
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The V and J regions on a heavy chain recombine first.
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Where are IgG, IgE and IgA cleaved from the loci?
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B cells are membrane bound.
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Only inactive B cells make antibodies
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What does IgM form on the surface of the blood? What does it form on the surface of a B Cell?
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What is it called when any light chain can interact with any heavy chain?
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What is it called when an antigen bound to an antibody can be further modified to generate a better fit?
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Where does class switching occur?
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What is the first antibody secreted when a B cell is activated by its antigen?
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Which of the following antibodies is never secreted?
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Match each example to its profile
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What is the difference between the heavy and light chains of an antibody?
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A core antigen can be found in a vaccinated individual
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T Cell receptors are heterodimers
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Where are T cell antibody binding regions?
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T Cell receptors are always imbedded in the membrane
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Match each T Cell chain to its description
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Which TCR chain contains diversity genes?
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Which of the following does not occur/ is not found in TCR
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What causes toxic shock syndrome?
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What MHC class do superantigens bind to?
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What causes endotoxic shock?
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What does an activated antigen presenting cell express?
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What molecule signals for the T cell to be activated?
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Which of the following is the CD4 helper ligand?
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What are is an adhesion molecule expressed by CD4 cells?
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What is an adhesion molecule expressed by antigen presenting cells?
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How does a CD4 cell help B cells?
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Which of the following molecules would you not find on the surface of a CD4 T Cell?
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How many domains does an MHC 1 molecule have?
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Match each MHC I domain to its description
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Which MHC II domains makes up the peptide binding site?
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What closes the MHC molecule at both ends of the binding groove?
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What is the culprit for cell rejection?
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Match each transplant type to its description
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An individual has only three HLA gene products instead of six, what would most likely account for this?
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Study Notes
B Cell Light and Heavy Chains
- The B cell light chain is found on chromosome 22.
- B cell light chains recombine multiple genes, specifically 2 gene segments (V and J).
- The heavy chain of a B cell is located on chromosome 14.
- Heavy chains require recombination of multiple gene segments, including V, D, and J regions.
Recombination Mechanics
- Light chains undergo somatic recombination, allowing diverse antibody generation.
- Heavy chains consist of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) regions.
Antibody Characteristics
- IgM is the first antibody expressed during B cell activation.
- Membrane-bound antibodies on B cells are typically monomers of IgM.
- Monomers composed of VJ and VDJ combinations contribute to the antibody's specificity.
B Cell Characteristics
- Most B cells remain inactivated but are capable of producing antibodies upon activation.
- Light chains have a singular locus, while heavy chains have a larger diversity due to having 3 loci.
- Enzymes involved in recombination recognize specific V (variable) and J (joining) regions of both light and heavy chains.
Antibody Class Switching and Secretion
- Class switching occurs in response to antigen presence, allowing for the production of various antibody classes.
- The first antibody secreted when a B cell encounters its antigen is IgM, whereas IgG, IgE, and IgA are cleaved from the loci post-activation.
Antibody-Heavy Chain Interactions
- Any light chain can interact with any heavy chain, indicating a robust combinatorial diversity within the antibody repertoire.
- In a vaccinated individual, core antigens can elicit a stronger immune response through memory B cells.
T Cell Receptor (TCR) Specifics
- T cell receptors are heterodimers always embedded in the membrane, comprising alpha and beta chains.
- Binding regions of TCRs are located on the extracellular domains of the receptor.
- The alpha chain of TCRs contains diversity genes, enhancing specificity.
Superantigens and MHC Interaction
- Superantigens bind to MHC class II molecules, causing toxic shock syndrome.
- Endotoxic shock is instigated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
APC Activation and T Cell Interaction
- Activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) express co-stimulatory molecules and MHC complexes that provide signals for T cell activation.
- CD4 helper T cells support B cells through cytokine release and co-stimulatory interactions.
MHC Molecule Structure
- MHC class I molecules possess three domains, while MHC class II molecules have two.
- The peptide binding site of MHC II is formed by the alpha-1 and beta-1 domains.
- MHC molecules are closed at their ends by structural components, ensuring stable antigen presentation.
Transplant Biology
- Individual with three HLA gene products has a likely non-typical inheritance pattern, such as a deletion or mutation.
- The rejection of transplanted tissues can occur due to mismatched MHC molecules, which activate the recipient's immune response against the transplanted tissue.
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Description
Identify the chromosome where the B Cell light chain is located. This question is essential for understanding immunology and genetics. Knowledge of chromosomes and genetics is crucial in this field.