Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient with cirrhosis exhibits caput medusae. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the MOST direct cause of this clinical manifestation?
A patient with cirrhosis exhibits caput medusae. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the MOST direct cause of this clinical manifestation?
- Decreased bile production leading to impaired fat absorption.
- Elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
- Portal hypertension causing swollen veins around the umbilicus. (correct)
- Altered estrogen/testosterone ratio affecting vascular integrity.
Which of the following signs and symptoms is NOT directly related to portal hypertension in a patient with cirrhosis?
Which of the following signs and symptoms is NOT directly related to portal hypertension in a patient with cirrhosis?
- Ascites
- Steatorrhea (correct)
- Jaundice
- Splenomegaly
A patient with cirrhosis presents with digital clubbing. While the exact mechanism is unclear, which factor is MOST likely involved in its pathogenesis?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with digital clubbing. While the exact mechanism is unclear, which factor is MOST likely involved in its pathogenesis?
- Dyslipidemia and altered lipoprotein profiles.
- Reduction in bile production.
- Cholesterol deposits under the skin.
- Elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (correct)
A patient with cirrhosis develops xanthelasma around their eyes. What is the underlying cause of these lesions?
A patient with cirrhosis develops xanthelasma around their eyes. What is the underlying cause of these lesions?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with fatigue, weight loss, and greasy, foul-smelling stools. This symptom is MOST likely due to:
A patient with cirrhosis presents with fatigue, weight loss, and greasy, foul-smelling stools. This symptom is MOST likely due to:
Which of the following best describes the underlying process of cirrhosis?
Which of the following best describes the underlying process of cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. Which of the following complications is most directly associated with this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. Which of the following complications is most directly associated with this condition?
Which of the following is the most common cause of cirrhosis?
Which of the following is the most common cause of cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis experiences splenomegaly. How does this condition contribute to an increased risk of bleeding?
A patient with cirrhosis experiences splenomegaly. How does this condition contribute to an increased risk of bleeding?
A patient with cirrhosis is diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy. Which of the following factors most directly contributes to the development of this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis is diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy. Which of the following factors most directly contributes to the development of this condition?
How does decreased bile production in cirrhosis lead to potential bone disorders?
How does decreased bile production in cirrhosis lead to potential bone disorders?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing increased bleeding tendencies. Which of the following is the most likely cause related to liver dysfunction?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing increased bleeding tendencies. Which of the following is the most likely cause related to liver dysfunction?
What is the typical prognosis for a patient diagnosed with cirrhosis who does not receive a liver transplant?
What is the typical prognosis for a patient diagnosed with cirrhosis who does not receive a liver transplant?
A patient in the convalescent phase of hepatitis B is MOST likely experiencing which of the following?
A patient in the convalescent phase of hepatitis B is MOST likely experiencing which of the following?
Why is hepatitis C transmission less likely to occur through sexual contact compared to hepatitis B?
Why is hepatitis C transmission less likely to occur through sexual contact compared to hepatitis B?
A patient with chronic hepatitis C is MOST at risk for developing which of the following long-term complications?
A patient with chronic hepatitis C is MOST at risk for developing which of the following long-term complications?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D?
Why is Hepatitis E particularly dangerous for pregnant women?
Why is Hepatitis E particularly dangerous for pregnant women?
Which of the following is the BEST course of action for a massage therapist regarding a client presenting with a fever?
Which of the following is the BEST course of action for a massage therapist regarding a client presenting with a fever?
A patient tests positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but negative for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). What does this MOST likely indicate?
A patient tests positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but negative for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). What does this MOST likely indicate?
Why is there no available vaccine for Hepatitis C, unlike Hepatitis B?
Why is there no available vaccine for Hepatitis C, unlike Hepatitis B?
Which of the following individuals should be prioritized for Hepatitis B vaccination?
Which of the following individuals should be prioritized for Hepatitis B vaccination?
What factor distinguishes fulminant hepatitis from other forms of viral hepatitis?
What factor distinguishes fulminant hepatitis from other forms of viral hepatitis?
A client with cirrhosis exhibits palmar erythema, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy. Which of the following pathological changes is the MOST likely underlying cause of these signs?
A client with cirrhosis exhibits palmar erythema, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy. Which of the following pathological changes is the MOST likely underlying cause of these signs?
A patient with cirrhosis is diagnosed with Dupuytren's contracture. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, what pathological process is MOST closely associated with this comorbidity?
A patient with cirrhosis is diagnosed with Dupuytren's contracture. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, what pathological process is MOST closely associated with this comorbidity?
During palpation of the abdomen of a client with suspected cirrhosis, which finding would be MOST indicative of the condition?
During palpation of the abdomen of a client with suspected cirrhosis, which finding would be MOST indicative of the condition?
A patient's blood tests reveal elevated liver enzymes (AST and ALT), elevated bilirubin, and decreased albumin. Which of the following conditions is MOST consistent with these findings?
A patient's blood tests reveal elevated liver enzymes (AST and ALT), elevated bilirubin, and decreased albumin. Which of the following conditions is MOST consistent with these findings?
Which of the following is the MOST crucial lifestyle modification for a patient diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis?
Which of the following is the MOST crucial lifestyle modification for a patient diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis?
Which of the following massage considerations is MOST appropriate when working with a client who has cirrhosis?
Which of the following massage considerations is MOST appropriate when working with a client who has cirrhosis?
A patient presents with an enlarged abdomen, abdominal discomfort, confusion, and a history of cirrhosis. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely causing these symptoms?
A patient presents with an enlarged abdomen, abdominal discomfort, confusion, and a history of cirrhosis. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely causing these symptoms?
Which of the following pathological changes is the PRIMARY cause of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis?
Which of the following pathological changes is the PRIMARY cause of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis?
A patient with portal hypertension develops ascites, telangiectasia, and esophageal varices. Which of the following underlying mechanisms BEST explains the development of these conditions?
A patient with portal hypertension develops ascites, telangiectasia, and esophageal varices. Which of the following underlying mechanisms BEST explains the development of these conditions?
A patient with esophageal varices experiences sudden hematemesis. What is the MOST appropriate immediate medical intervention for this condition?
A patient with esophageal varices experiences sudden hematemesis. What is the MOST appropriate immediate medical intervention for this condition?
Which of the following is the MOST significant contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis?
Which of the following is the MOST significant contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis?
A patient in the late stages of hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis, drowsiness, and disorientation. Which of the following interventions is MOST likely to improve their mental status?
A patient in the late stages of hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis, drowsiness, and disorientation. Which of the following interventions is MOST likely to improve their mental status?
A patient presents with yellow skin, dark urine, and pale stools. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient presents with yellow skin, dark urine, and pale stools. Which of the following conditions is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
In a patient with jaundice due to cholelithiasis, what is the PRIMARY mechanism causing the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes?
In a patient with jaundice due to cholelithiasis, what is the PRIMARY mechanism causing the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes?
Which of the following is the BEST course of action for massage therapy with a client who has jaundice?
Which of the following is the BEST course of action for massage therapy with a client who has jaundice?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with a cluster of dilated veins radiating from the umbilicus. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the MOST direct cause of this clinical presentation?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with a cluster of dilated veins radiating from the umbilicus. Which pathophysiological mechanism is the MOST direct cause of this clinical presentation?
A patient with cirrhosis develops digital clubbing. While the exact mechanism is unclear, which of the following is considered the MOST likely contributing factor?
A patient with cirrhosis develops digital clubbing. While the exact mechanism is unclear, which of the following is considered the MOST likely contributing factor?
A patient presents with xanthelasma around their eyes. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying metabolic derangement contributing to this condition in the context of cirrhosis?
A patient presents with xanthelasma around their eyes. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying metabolic derangement contributing to this condition in the context of cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with greasy, foul-smelling stools. This symptom is MOST likely due to:
A patient with cirrhosis presents with greasy, foul-smelling stools. This symptom is MOST likely due to:
Which of the following is the least likely route of transmission for hepatitis A?
Which of the following is the least likely route of transmission for hepatitis A?
A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and RUQ pain. Initial lab results suggest acute viral hepatitis. Which of the following hepatitis viruses is least likely to cause chronic infection?
A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and RUQ pain. Initial lab results suggest acute viral hepatitis. Which of the following hepatitis viruses is least likely to cause chronic infection?
Why does vaccination against hepatitis B also provide protection against hepatitis D?
Why does vaccination against hepatitis B also provide protection against hepatitis D?
Which of the following statements correctly compares Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B?
Which of the following statements correctly compares Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B?
A patient is diagnosed with acute hepatitis B and reports joint pain and urticaria. What does this suggest about their condition?
A patient is diagnosed with acute hepatitis B and reports joint pain and urticaria. What does this suggest about their condition?
Which of the following is the most important preventative measure to avoid contracting hepatitis A?
Which of the following is the most important preventative measure to avoid contracting hepatitis A?
A patient has recovered from hepatitis A. Which of the following statements about their future risk is most accurate?
A patient has recovered from hepatitis A. Which of the following statements about their future risk is most accurate?
Which acute viral hepatitis is most associated with the progression to liver failure?
Which acute viral hepatitis is most associated with the progression to liver failure?
What is a key difference in the treatment approach between hepatitis A and hepatitis C?
What is a key difference in the treatment approach between hepatitis A and hepatitis C?
A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed with a new hepatitis D infection. What is the most likely consequence of this co-infection?
A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed with a new hepatitis D infection. What is the most likely consequence of this co-infection?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the carrier state in hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the carrier state in hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding hepatitis E?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding hepatitis E?
During the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis, what common finding during a physical exam warrants further investigation?
During the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis, what common finding during a physical exam warrants further investigation?
Why is it recommended that individuals with acute viral hepatitis avoid alcohol and medications metabolized by the liver?
Why is it recommended that individuals with acute viral hepatitis avoid alcohol and medications metabolized by the liver?
What is the best course of action for a patient diagnosed with acute hepatitis A who is experiencing mild symptoms such as nausea and fatigue?
What is the best course of action for a patient diagnosed with acute hepatitis A who is experiencing mild symptoms such as nausea and fatigue?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which of the following mechanisms contributes MOST directly to the formation of ascites in this patient?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which of the following mechanisms contributes MOST directly to the formation of ascites in this patient?
In the context of cirrhosis, what is the MOST significant consequence of portal hypertension leading to the formation of esophageal varices?
In the context of cirrhosis, what is the MOST significant consequence of portal hypertension leading to the formation of esophageal varices?
Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for a patient with cirrhosis to develop an increased tendency to bleed?
Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for a patient with cirrhosis to develop an increased tendency to bleed?
How does splenomegaly, commonly observed in cirrhosis, contribute to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)?
How does splenomegaly, commonly observed in cirrhosis, contribute to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing hepatic encephalopathy. Which dietary modification is MOST appropriate to help manage this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing hepatic encephalopathy. Which dietary modification is MOST appropriate to help manage this condition?
Which of the following physiological consequences of cirrhosis MOST directly contributes to the development of osteoporosis?
Which of the following physiological consequences of cirrhosis MOST directly contributes to the development of osteoporosis?
What is a key distinction between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and alcoholic cirrhosis in terms of disease etiology?
What is a key distinction between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and alcoholic cirrhosis in terms of disease etiology?
What is the MOST significant implication of the irreversible nature of cirrhosis on patient management and prognosis?
What is the MOST significant implication of the irreversible nature of cirrhosis on patient management and prognosis?
Why is a person infected with Hepatitis B also at risk of being infected with Hepatitis D?
Why is a person infected with Hepatitis B also at risk of being infected with Hepatitis D?
A patient with Hepatitis C has been experiencing fluctuating Liver Function Test (LFT) results for several months. What is the MOST likely explanation for this?
A patient with Hepatitis C has been experiencing fluctuating Liver Function Test (LFT) results for several months. What is the MOST likely explanation for this?
A 25-year-old patient is diagnosed with acute Hepatitis B. What immunological marker indicates they are in the convalescent phase of the infection?
A 25-year-old patient is diagnosed with acute Hepatitis B. What immunological marker indicates they are in the convalescent phase of the infection?
Why is vaccination against Hepatitis B recommended for infants at birth, even in regions with low prevalence of the disease?
Why is vaccination against Hepatitis B recommended for infants at birth, even in regions with low prevalence of the disease?
A pregnant woman tests positive for Hepatitis E. Why is this a greater concern compared to a non-pregnant individual?
A pregnant woman tests positive for Hepatitis E. Why is this a greater concern compared to a non-pregnant individual?
A massage therapist is reviewing a new client's health history form and notices the client has a history of Hepatitis B. Which action is MOST appropriate?
A massage therapist is reviewing a new client's health history form and notices the client has a history of Hepatitis B. Which action is MOST appropriate?
A patient with chronic Hepatitis C develops steatosis. Which of the following MOST accurately describes the relationship between these two conditions?
A patient with chronic Hepatitis C develops steatosis. Which of the following MOST accurately describes the relationship between these two conditions?
What is the significance of testing for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) in an individual who has been vaccinated against Hepatitis B?
What is the significance of testing for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) in an individual who has been vaccinated against Hepatitis B?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of acute viral hepatitis, including jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. What information from their history would MOST strongly suggest a Hepatitis A infection?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of acute viral hepatitis, including jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. What information from their history would MOST strongly suggest a Hepatitis A infection?
A client with a known history of well-managed Hepatitis C is seeking massage therapy. They report feeling generally well but have a mild fever. What is the MOST appropriate course of action for the massage therapist?
A client with a known history of well-managed Hepatitis C is seeking massage therapy. They report feeling generally well but have a mild fever. What is the MOST appropriate course of action for the massage therapist?
A client with cirrhosis presents with palmar erythema. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism contributing to this sign?
A client with cirrhosis presents with palmar erythema. What is the MOST likely underlying mechanism contributing to this sign?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST indicative of advanced cirrhosis during palpation of the abdomen?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST indicative of advanced cirrhosis during palpation of the abdomen?
A patient with cirrhosis is prescribed diuretics and a low-sodium diet. What is the PRIMARY goal of this intervention?
A patient with cirrhosis is prescribed diuretics and a low-sodium diet. What is the PRIMARY goal of this intervention?
Why is abdominal massage typically performed with very light pressure on a client with portal hypertension?
Why is abdominal massage typically performed with very light pressure on a client with portal hypertension?
Which of the following signs and symptoms is MOST indicative of esophageal varices?
Which of the following signs and symptoms is MOST indicative of esophageal varices?
A client with known esophageal varices suddenly reports lightheadedness and passes black, tarry stools. What is the MOST appropriate immediate action?
A client with known esophageal varices suddenly reports lightheadedness and passes black, tarry stools. What is the MOST appropriate immediate action?
What is the PRIMARY role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy?
What is the PRIMARY role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy?
A client with hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis. How would you BEST describe this clinical sign?
A client with hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis. How would you BEST describe this clinical sign?
A client with hepatic encephalopathy is prescribed lactulose. What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which lactulose helps to reduce encephalopathy symptoms?
A client with hepatic encephalopathy is prescribed lactulose. What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which lactulose helps to reduce encephalopathy symptoms?
What underlying mechanism causes jaundice?
What underlying mechanism causes jaundice?
Which of the following assessment findings is MOST indicative of jaundice?
Which of the following assessment findings is MOST indicative of jaundice?
Pale or clay-colored stools are MOST closely associated with which type of jaundice?
Pale or clay-colored stools are MOST closely associated with which type of jaundice?
Which of the following conditions related to cirrhosis may present as thickening and contracture of the palmar fascia?
Which of the following conditions related to cirrhosis may present as thickening and contracture of the palmar fascia?
A massage therapist is reviewing the medication list of a client with cirrhosis. Why is it important to consult with the client's physician (GP) about their medications and supplements?
A massage therapist is reviewing the medication list of a client with cirrhosis. Why is it important to consult with the client's physician (GP) about their medications and supplements?
What is the PRIMARY reason why cirrhosis can lead to thinning of armpit hair and testicular atrophy in some individuals?
What is the PRIMARY reason why cirrhosis can lead to thinning of armpit hair and testicular atrophy in some individuals?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the progression of cirrhosis?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the progression of cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing increased bleeding tendencies. Which complication is MOST likely contributing to this?
A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing increased bleeding tendencies. Which complication is MOST likely contributing to this?
A patient presents with weakness, ascites, and jaundice. Which of the following underlying mechanisms BEST explains the co-occurrence of ascites and jaundice in this patient?
A patient presents with weakness, ascites, and jaundice. Which of the following underlying mechanisms BEST explains the co-occurrence of ascites and jaundice in this patient?
A patient with cirrhosis develops spider telangiectasia. Which of the following is the MOST likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to the development of spider telangiectasia?
A patient with cirrhosis develops spider telangiectasia. Which of the following is the MOST likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to the development of spider telangiectasia?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of splenomegaly in the complications associated with cirrhosis?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of splenomegaly in the complications associated with cirrhosis?
Besides alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis, what is another major etiological factor of cirrhosis?
Besides alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis, what is another major etiological factor of cirrhosis?
Which of the following assessment findings would MOST strongly suggest impaired nutrient absorption due to reduced bile production in a patient with cirrhosis?
Which of the following assessment findings would MOST strongly suggest impaired nutrient absorption due to reduced bile production in a patient with cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with splenomegaly. How does splenomegaly MOST directly exacerbate the complications associated with cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with splenomegaly. How does splenomegaly MOST directly exacerbate the complications associated with cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which of the following is the MOST direct contributing factor to the formation of ascites in this condition?
A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which of the following is the MOST direct contributing factor to the formation of ascites in this condition?
Which of the following is the MOST significant consequence of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis?
Which of the following is the MOST significant consequence of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis?
A patient with cirrhosis develops xanthelasma around their eyes. Which of the following physiological processes is MOST directly linked to the formation of xanthelasma in this patient?
A patient with cirrhosis develops xanthelasma around their eyes. Which of the following physiological processes is MOST directly linked to the formation of xanthelasma in this patient?
How does a decrease in bile production due to cirrhosis MOST directly contribute to the potential development of osteoporosis?
How does a decrease in bile production due to cirrhosis MOST directly contribute to the potential development of osteoporosis?
A patient presents with hematemesis due to esophageal varices secondary to cirrhosis. Which factor MOST likely contributes to the development of these varices?
A patient presents with hematemesis due to esophageal varices secondary to cirrhosis. Which factor MOST likely contributes to the development of these varices?
A patient is diagnosed with Hepatitis D. What other hepatitis virus MUST this patient also have to contract Hepatitis D?
A patient is diagnosed with Hepatitis D. What other hepatitis virus MUST this patient also have to contract Hepatitis D?
After contracting which type of hepatitis is a person MOST likely to develop a chronic infection?
After contracting which type of hepatitis is a person MOST likely to develop a chronic infection?
A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools. Which type of hepatitis is MOST likely to cause cholestasis, leading to pale stools?
A patient presents with jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools. Which type of hepatitis is MOST likely to cause cholestasis, leading to pale stools?
A patient is diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis. Which of the following instructions is MOST appropriate regarding their diet and activity level?
A patient is diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis. Which of the following instructions is MOST appropriate regarding their diet and activity level?
Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason why there is no vaccine available for Hepatitis C?
Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason why there is no vaccine available for Hepatitis C?
Which of the following signs and symptoms is MOST commonly associated with acute Hepatitis B infection but is less common in Hepatitis A?
Which of the following signs and symptoms is MOST commonly associated with acute Hepatitis B infection but is less common in Hepatitis A?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the usual course of Hepatitis A infection?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the usual course of Hepatitis A infection?
A blood test reveals that a patient is positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and negative for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti- HBs). What does this MOST likely indicate?
A blood test reveals that a patient is positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and negative for Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti- HBs). What does this MOST likely indicate?
In the context of Hepatitis B, what does it mean for someone to be a 'healthy carrier'?
In the context of Hepatitis B, what does it mean for someone to be a 'healthy carrier'?
Following exposure to Hepatitis B, what factor is MOST likely to increase the risk of developing chronic Hepatitis B?
Following exposure to Hepatitis B, what factor is MOST likely to increase the risk of developing chronic Hepatitis B?
A patient with alcoholic liver disease is found to also have Hepatitis C. How does alcoholic liver disease affect Hepatitis C?
A patient with alcoholic liver disease is found to also have Hepatitis C. How does alcoholic liver disease affect Hepatitis C?
Why is testing for antibodies against Hepatitis B important in the diagnosis and management of the disease?
Why is testing for antibodies against Hepatitis B important in the diagnosis and management of the disease?
What is the PRIMARY reason why epidemics of Hepatitis A are often linked to contaminated water supplies?
What is the PRIMARY reason why epidemics of Hepatitis A are often linked to contaminated water supplies?
You are treating a patient with acute viral hepatitis who has jaundice. When is it generally considered safe for the patient to return to most activities of daily living (ADL)?
You are treating a patient with acute viral hepatitis who has jaundice. When is it generally considered safe for the patient to return to most activities of daily living (ADL)?
A patient exposed to Hepatitis B is given both Hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the vaccine. What is the primary reason for this combined approach?
A patient exposed to Hepatitis B is given both Hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the vaccine. What is the primary reason for this combined approach?
Why is hepatitis C less efficiently transmitted through sexual contact compared to hepatitis B?
Why is hepatitis C less efficiently transmitted through sexual contact compared to hepatitis B?
A patient with chronic hepatitis C develops steatosis. What is the MOST likely mechanism by which hepatitis C contributes to this condition?
A patient with chronic hepatitis C develops steatosis. What is the MOST likely mechanism by which hepatitis C contributes to this condition?
Which of the following clinical manifestations of cirrhosis is directly related to altered hormone metabolism?
Which of the following clinical manifestations of cirrhosis is directly related to altered hormone metabolism?
A patient is diagnosed with Hepatitis D. What MUST be present for Hepatitis D to cause an infection?
A patient is diagnosed with Hepatitis D. What MUST be present for Hepatitis D to cause an infection?
Why is Hepatitis E infection particularly concerning for pregnant women?
Why is Hepatitis E infection particularly concerning for pregnant women?
While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, what is the primary pathological process associated with Dupuytren's contracture in the context of cirrhosis?
While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, what is the primary pathological process associated with Dupuytren's contracture in the context of cirrhosis?
During a physical examination for suspected cirrhosis, which of the following palpatory findings would be MOST indicative of advanced liver damage?
During a physical examination for suspected cirrhosis, which of the following palpatory findings would be MOST indicative of advanced liver damage?
A patient with acute hepatitis B is in the icteric phase. Which set of symptoms would be MOST characteristic of this phase?
A patient with acute hepatitis B is in the icteric phase. Which set of symptoms would be MOST characteristic of this phase?
During which phase of hepatitis B infection would a patient MOST likely experience resolution of symptoms and the appearance of immune antibodies?
During which phase of hepatitis B infection would a patient MOST likely experience resolution of symptoms and the appearance of immune antibodies?
A patient presents with clinical signs suggestive of cirrhosis. Which combination of blood test results would MOST strongly support this diagnosis?
A patient presents with clinical signs suggestive of cirrhosis. Which combination of blood test results would MOST strongly support this diagnosis?
Beyond abstinence, what is the MOST crucial dietary recommendation for a patient with cirrhosis due to alcoholic hepatitis?
Beyond abstinence, what is the MOST crucial dietary recommendation for a patient with cirrhosis due to alcoholic hepatitis?
What is a critical massage therapy consideration regarding a client who presents with a fever, regardless of the specific type of hepatitis they may have?
What is a critical massage therapy consideration regarding a client who presents with a fever, regardless of the specific type of hepatitis they may have?
Which modification to massage therapy is MOST important when working with a client who has diagnosed cirrhosis?
Which modification to massage therapy is MOST important when working with a client who has diagnosed cirrhosis?
An individual has recovered from hepatitis A. What statement BEST describes their future risk of contracting hepatitis A again?
An individual has recovered from hepatitis A. What statement BEST describes their future risk of contracting hepatitis A again?
An individual tests positive for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) after completing the hepatitis B vaccine series. What does this result indicate?
An individual tests positive for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) after completing the hepatitis B vaccine series. What does this result indicate?
A patient with a history of cirrhosis presents with increased abdominal girth, discomfort, and new-onset confusion. What condition is MOST likely contributing to these signs and symptoms?
A patient with a history of cirrhosis presents with increased abdominal girth, discomfort, and new-onset confusion. What condition is MOST likely contributing to these signs and symptoms?
What pathophysiological change is PRIMARILY responsible for the development of portal hypertension in the context of cirrhosis?
What pathophysiological change is PRIMARILY responsible for the development of portal hypertension in the context of cirrhosis?
A patient with portal hypertension develops ascites, telangiectasia, and esophageal varices . Which mechanism best links all three conditions?
A patient with portal hypertension develops ascites, telangiectasia, and esophageal varices . Which mechanism best links all three conditions?
A client with esophageal varices experiences sudden development of signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock. What intervention is MOST important?
A client with esophageal varices experiences sudden development of signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock. What intervention is MOST important?
What is the MOST important contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in individuals with cirrhosis?
What is the MOST important contributing factor to hepatic encephalopathy in individuals with cirrhosis?
A patient in the late stages of hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis, drowsiness, and disorientation. What is MOST likely to improve their mental status?
A patient in the late stages of hepatic encephalopathy exhibits asterixis, drowsiness, and disorientation. What is MOST likely to improve their mental status?
A patient presents with yellow skin, dark urine, and pale stools. What condition is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient presents with yellow skin, dark urine, and pale stools. What condition is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
What is the PRIMARY mechanism causing the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes in a patient with jaundice due to cholelithiasis?
What is the PRIMARY mechanism causing the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes in a patient with jaundice due to cholelithiasis?
What is the BEST course of action for massage therapy with a client who has jaundice?
What is the BEST course of action for massage therapy with a client who has jaundice?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is most likely to become chronic?
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is most likely to become chronic?
A patient is diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis. Which symptom is LEAST likely to be present during the prodromal phase?
A patient is diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis. Which symptom is LEAST likely to be present during the prodromal phase?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the typical progression of symptoms in acute hepatitis A?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the typical progression of symptoms in acute hepatitis A?
If a patient tests positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is a healthy carrier, which of the following is MOST likely true?
If a patient tests positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is a healthy carrier, which of the following is MOST likely true?
A patient is suspected of having acute viral hepatitis. Which diagnostic finding would be MOST helpful in differentiating between viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis?
A patient is suspected of having acute viral hepatitis. Which diagnostic finding would be MOST helpful in differentiating between viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis?
Which of the following is the MOST effective way to prevent the spread of hepatitis A?
Which of the following is the MOST effective way to prevent the spread of hepatitis A?
A patient with hepatitis B is experiencing joint pain and urticaria. What is the MOST likely implication of these symptoms regarding their condition?
A patient with hepatitis B is experiencing joint pain and urticaria. What is the MOST likely implication of these symptoms regarding their condition?
A person traveling to South America is concerned about contracting hepatitis. Which of the following actions would provide the BEST protection against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B?
A person traveling to South America is concerned about contracting hepatitis. Which of the following actions would provide the BEST protection against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B?
Why does co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis D (Delta) typically lead to more severe liver damage compared to hepatitis B alone?
Why does co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis D (Delta) typically lead to more severe liver damage compared to hepatitis B alone?
A patient has recovered from hepatitis A. What does this imply about their future susceptibility to hepatitis A?
A patient has recovered from hepatitis A. What does this imply about their future susceptibility to hepatitis A?
Which of the following scenarios poses the HIGHEST risk of hepatitis B transmission?
Which of the following scenarios poses the HIGHEST risk of hepatitis B transmission?
Which acute viral hepatitis is most commonly associated with the potential for progression to liver failure?
Which acute viral hepatitis is most commonly associated with the potential for progression to liver failure?
What is the primary rationale behind advising patients with acute viral hepatitis to avoid alcohol and medications metabolized by the liver?
What is the primary rationale behind advising patients with acute viral hepatitis to avoid alcohol and medications metabolized by the liver?
Which statement BEST describes the carrier state in hepatitis B infection?
Which statement BEST describes the carrier state in hepatitis B infection?
Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for splenomegaly during acute viral hepatitis?
Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for splenomegaly during acute viral hepatitis?
Flashcards
Common Cirrhosis Symptoms
Common Cirrhosis Symptoms
Weakness, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, ascites, and loss of appetite.
Cirrhosis: Reduced Fat Absorption
Cirrhosis: Reduced Fat Absorption
Decreased absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins due to reduced bile production.
Cirrhosis: Portal Hypertension Symptoms
Cirrhosis: Portal Hypertension Symptoms
Jaundice, ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, digital clubbing, caput medusae, spider telangiectasia, and xanthelasma.
Caput Medusae
Caput Medusae
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Xanthelasma
Xanthelasma
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis
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Cirrhosis Definition
Cirrhosis Definition
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Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Hepatitis
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Cirrhosis Etiology
Cirrhosis Etiology
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Portal Hypertension
Portal Hypertension
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Esophageal Varices
Esophageal Varices
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Ascites
Ascites
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Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
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Muscle Atrophy
Muscle Atrophy
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Palmar Erythema
Palmar Erythema
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Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia
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Dupuytren’s Contracture
Dupuytren’s Contracture
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Hematemesis
Hematemesis
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Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly
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Asterixis
Asterixis
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Jaundice
Jaundice
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Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
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Acute Viral Hepatitis
Acute Viral Hepatitis
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Five Hepatitis Viruses
Five Hepatitis Viruses
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Hepatitis Most Likely to Become Chronic
Hepatitis Most Likely to Become Chronic
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Hepatitis D Requirement
Hepatitis D Requirement
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Hepatitis Vaccines Available
Hepatitis Vaccines Available
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Early Hepatitis Symptoms
Early Hepatitis Symptoms
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Progressive Hepatitis Symptoms
Progressive Hepatitis Symptoms
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RUQ Palpation Finding in Hepatitis
RUQ Palpation Finding in Hepatitis
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Hepatitis Prevention Methods
Hepatitis Prevention Methods
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Hepatitis Treatment Advice
Hepatitis Treatment Advice
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Hepatitis A Transmission Route
Hepatitis A Transmission Route
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Hepatitis A Symptoms
Hepatitis A Symptoms
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Hepatitis B Transmission
Hepatitis B Transmission
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Hepatitis B Risk Factors
Hepatitis B Risk Factors
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Hepatitis B Unique Symptoms
Hepatitis B Unique Symptoms
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Hepatitis B: Pre-icteric Phase
Hepatitis B: Pre-icteric Phase
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Hepatitis B: Icteric Phase
Hepatitis B: Icteric Phase
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Hepatitis B: Convalescent Phase
Hepatitis B: Convalescent Phase
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Hepatitis B Vaccination
Hepatitis B Vaccination
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Hepatitis C: Common Symptom
Hepatitis C: Common Symptom
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Hepatitis C: Chronic Infection Rate
Hepatitis C: Chronic Infection Rate
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Hepatitis D Co-infection
Hepatitis D Co-infection
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Massage and Hepatitis
Massage and Hepatitis
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MASLD
MASLD
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Spider Telangiectasia
Spider Telangiectasia
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Digital Clubbing
Digital Clubbing
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Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly
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Hepatitis C: Urticaria
Hepatitis C: Urticaria
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Fulminant Hepatitis
Fulminant Hepatitis
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Dupuytren's Contracture (in Cirrhosis)
Dupuytren's Contracture (in Cirrhosis)
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Cirrhosis Diagnosis Methods
Cirrhosis Diagnosis Methods
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Cirrhosis Treatment Strategies
Cirrhosis Treatment Strategies
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Massage Considerations for Cirrhosis
Massage Considerations for Cirrhosis
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Portal Hypertension Definition
Portal Hypertension Definition
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Portal Hypertension Etiology
Portal Hypertension Etiology
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Portal Hypertension Signs & Symptoms
Portal Hypertension Signs & Symptoms
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Portal Hypertension Treatment
Portal Hypertension Treatment
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Massage and Portal Hypertension
Massage and Portal Hypertension
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Esophageal Varices Definition
Esophageal Varices Definition
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Esophageal Varices Etiology
Esophageal Varices Etiology
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Esophageal Varices Signs & Symptoms
Esophageal Varices Signs & Symptoms
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Esophageal Varices Treatment
Esophageal Varices Treatment
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Hepatic Encephalopathy Definition
Hepatic Encephalopathy Definition
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Hepatic Encephalopathy Etiology
Hepatic Encephalopathy Etiology
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Chronic Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis
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Hepatitis A, B, E Treatment
Hepatitis A, B, E Treatment
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Hepatitis C, D Treatment
Hepatitis C, D Treatment
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Hepatitis B Route
Hepatitis B Route
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Hepatitis Diagnosis: LFT
Hepatitis Diagnosis: LFT
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Hepatitis Prevention: Vaccines
Hepatitis Prevention: Vaccines
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Hepatitis General Treatment
Hepatitis General Treatment
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Hepatitis A Prognosis
Hepatitis A Prognosis
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Hepatitis B Diagnosis
Hepatitis B Diagnosis
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HBsAg
HBsAg
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Hepatitis B Prognosis
Hepatitis B Prognosis
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Hepatic Injury
Hepatic Injury
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Cirrhosis MC Cause
Cirrhosis MC Cause
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Cirrhosis Gender
Cirrhosis Gender
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Cirrhosis Prognosis
Cirrhosis Prognosis
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Cirrhosis Complications
Cirrhosis Complications
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Esophageal Varices Risk
Esophageal Varices Risk
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Cirrhosis & Vitamin D
Cirrhosis & Vitamin D
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Cirrhosis and Bleeding
Cirrhosis and Bleeding
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Dupuytren's Contracture
Dupuytren's Contracture
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Hepatitis Definition
Hepatitis Definition
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Ascites Definition
Ascites Definition
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Splenomegaly Definition
Splenomegaly Definition
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Asterixis Definition
Asterixis Definition
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Pale Stools in Jaundice
Pale Stools in Jaundice
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Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
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Hepatitis B: Pre-icteric Symptoms
Hepatitis B: Pre-icteric Symptoms
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Hepatitis B: Icteric Symptoms
Hepatitis B: Icteric Symptoms
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Hepatitis B Prevention
Hepatitis B Prevention
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Types of Hepatitis
Types of Hepatitis
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Hep A, B, E Treatment
Hep A, B, E Treatment
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Hep C & D Treatment
Hep C & D Treatment
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Hepatitis Severity
Hepatitis Severity
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HBsAg Result Meaning
HBsAg Result Meaning
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Hepatitis Diagnosis: SSx
Hepatitis Diagnosis: SSx
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Hepatitis: Palpation Finding
Hepatitis: Palpation Finding
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Hepatitis unique to B
Hepatitis unique to B
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Hepatitis B Severity
Hepatitis B Severity
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