Ayin Ayyubid agus Críocha na Cróiche

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Questions and Answers

Ciod a bha na rìoghachdan beaga a stèidhich na Croiseadaich ann an Levant?

Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli agus Iarusalem.

Bha Caliphat na Fatimids anns an Èiphit air a bhith an dùil gun cuireadh na Croiseadaich stad aig Levant a Tuath.

True

Cò a bha na ceannard air gluasad na Jihad?

'Imād al-dīn Zinğī (Atabik al-Mosul)

Dè a bha na chunnartan a bha an aghaidh Saladin?

Na fàbhraichean Fatimid, na Croiseadaich agus na caraidean aca. Signup and view all the answers

Ciamar a rinn Saladin cinnteach gun robh a’ mhòr-chuid de na feachdan Islam aonaichte?

Le bhith a’ stèidheachadh aonadh eadar Euphrates agus na Nile. Signup and view all the answers

Dè a bha na ceannard air cruinneachadh anns an Èiphit aig an àm?

Sāwūr agus Durġām Signup and view all the answers

Dè a bha na cunnart a bha an aghaidh Caliphat na Fatimids?

Bha iad a’ fàs lag agus chuir iad romhpa aonadh nam feachdan Islam a chruthachadh. Signup and view all the answers

Càite an deach an sgoil Nasiriyah a stèidheachadh?

Anns an Fustat. Signup and view all the answers

Càite an deach Saladin a dh'fhaighinn a’ mhòr-chuid de na bliadhnaichean aige a’ sabaid?

Anns an Levant. Signup and view all the answers

Cò a bha na rìgh air Iarusalem aig an àm?

Ammuri Signup and view all the answers

Ciamar a rinn Saladin cinnteach gun robh Èiphit sàbhailte?

Le bhith a’ toirt a-steach ballachan làidir agus caisteal. Signup and view all the answers

Cò a chuir Saladin an àite na Fatimids?

Na Sunni Signup and view all the answers

Bha na daoine anns an Èiphit a' faireachdainn toilichte le na Fatimids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cò a bha an dùil a’ chunnart a thoirt a-mach airson Caliphat na Fatimids?

Nūr al-dīn. Signup and view all the answers

Ciamar a chòrd na daoine ann an Èiphit ri Šīrkūh?

Bha iad a’ gabhail ris mar laoch. Signup and view all the answers

Ciod a bha na bhuidhnean a bha a' sabaid an aghaidh na Croiseadaich?

Na feachdan Islam. Signup and view all the answers

Dè an rìoghachd a stèidhich Saladin às deidh dha buannachadh air na Zengid?

Rìoghachd na h-Èiphit agus Levant Signup and view all the answers

Dè a bha na fhìor amas aig Saladin?

Aonadh nan feachdan Islam agus na Croiseadaich a sgrios. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### A's Introduction

The Ayyubid period was short, lasting only 80 years.
During this time, sultans faced conflict on two fronts.
Internally, they fought against the Fatimids.
Externally, they fought the Crusaders.
The Crusaders established four small kingdoms in the Levant: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem.

### The Levant

A region including modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Israel, and parts of Jordan and Palestine.
A strategic area in the Middle East during the Ayyubid period.
Crucial to the conflict between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders.

### The First Crusade (490/1097)

The arrival of the First Crusade significantly impacted the Arab world.
The victory of the Crusaders resulted from the weakness of the Muslim states at the time.
Internal conflicts and weaknesses within the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates contributed.
This resulted in losses for the Muslim states.

### The Fatimid Caliphate

Initially deceieved by the crusaders movement about their goals
Later realised the threat, which caused several land and sea campaigns to repel the threat.
The Fatimids faced defeat.
The Fatimids were weakened internally and unable to effectively confront the Crusader threat in the latter half of the 12th century.
Later, there was anger and dissatisfaction amongst Egyptians about the state's situation.

### Disturbances in Egypt

Competitions and conflicts amongst ministers (Šāwūr and Durġām) to gain control of the caliph.
Each attempted to manipulate the caliph for their advantage.
These conflicts initiated Egypt's new stage in history as well as the Near East's.

### Crusader Dangers and Response

The Crusaders' influence in the region increased.
The Islamic world responded to the increasing threat with a violent, united response.
Combining forces was a key condition in defending against any crusade and achieving success against forces, such as the Crusades.,
Success could only be achieved with an alliance between the various Islamic forces.

### The Jihad Movement

Imād al-dīn Zinğī (Atabik al-Mosul) led the Jihad movement after conquering Aleppo.
Nūr al-dīn Maḥmūd annexed Damascus in 549/1154.
The movement aimed to regain the Levant and expand the united Islamic front across the Near East.
The annexation of Egypt became the main goal of the movement, enabling a stronger stand against the Crusaders.

### The Egyptians Support for Şirkūh

Support for Şīrkūh was due to the resistance against the Crusaders, led by Ammuri.
Şīrkūh received a hero's reception.
Caliph chose Şīrkūh as his minister.

### Conflicts in Egypt

Internal conflicts between Şāwūr and Durgām.
They sought external aid from the Crusaders and Nūr al-Dīn Mahmud respectively.

### Sultanate of Egypt and Nur Al-din

Nur Al-din played a key role in the Islamic movement.
He alerted to the danger of the crusaders.
Conflicts in Egypt lasted from 559/1164-1169
Three campaigns led by Asad al-dīn Šīrkūh against the Crusaders were attempted.

### Salah Al-din's Dual Role and Importance

Salah Al-din conflicted with his master due to his desire to monopolize Egypt, but Nur al-Din died before he reached his goal.
Faced internal and external dangers, such as remnants of the Fatimid caliphate.
Had to face threats from Crusaders and their allies.

### Islamic Front Collapse

Nur Al-din's death created a power vacuum within the Islamic forces.
Young son's power meant a reduced unified stance, allowing opportunities for ambitious princes.
The collapse of the Islamic front benefited the crusader forces at this time.
Ambitious princes of Nur Al-din, and Crusaders benefited from the disunity amongst Islamic forces.

### Saladin as Heir and King of the Unified Islamic Forces and City Fortifications

Saladin saw himself as the heir to Nur al-Din.
Took a united stance on the Islamic front.
Captured various cities in the Levant to achieve his aim.
Declared himself king of the conquered territory after defeating the Zengid. (This part mentions naming himself "King al-Nāșir" and minting gold coins in Cairo.)

### Organization and Fortifications in Egypt

Saladin organised various matters in Egypt.
Saladin initiated a major fortification project, including walls and citadels, to improve Egypt's security.
This occurred around 572/1176

### Saladin's Jihad Campaign and Victory Against Crusaders

Went to the Levant in 578/1182 to continue combating Crusades, successfully
United Islamic forces against the Crusaders and unified the Islamic front.
Successfully established a strong united front across the region.

### End of Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate ended in 567/1171 due to the insistence of Nur Al-din and supplications in the name of al-Mustdī'.
Saladin Erased all traces of the Fatimid caliphate from Egypt.
The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt was over.

Salah Al-din's Strengthened Position, Sunni Doctrine, and Schools

Salah al-Din strengthened his position after the fall of the Fatimid state, taking control of Egypt.
He focused on establishing a solidified Sunni-based culture in Egypt.
Founded the Nasiriyah School in Al-Fustat.

Further Important Events

Saladin restored the wall of Cairo in 567/1171. This occurred before the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate and was made because Egypt was vulnerable.
Huge walls surrounding Cairo, including Al-Askr, al-Qatai', and al-Fustat, were built around this time, fortified with a citadel on the Muqattam hill.

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Description

Faigh amach muintir Ayyubid agus an tionchar a bhí ag na Cróidhthe orthu. Fionnfaidh tú faoi na coimhlintí a bhí ann idir na Ayyubid agus na Cróidhthe, agus an ról a bhí ag na Ríocht Sna Leanaí. Deis é seo le tuiscint a fháil ar stair na réigiún seo.