Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following molecules are not a part of the dorsal guidance system?
Which of the following molecules are not a part of the dorsal guidance system?
- Draxin
- VEGF (correct)
- netrin (correct)
- BMP7
What type of signal is Shh during the axonal guidance process?
What type of signal is Shh during the axonal guidance process?
- Neither attractive nor repulsive
- Both attractive and repulsive (correct)
- Attractive
- Repulsive
What is the role of the floor plate in axonal guidance?
What is the role of the floor plate in axonal guidance?
- To act as a source of only repulsive signals
- To act as a barrier to axonal crossing
- To act as a source of only attractive signals
- To act as a source of both attractive and repulsive signals (correct)
What is the purpose of axonal crossing?
What is the purpose of axonal crossing?
What does Sfrp do in the context of axonal guidance?
What does Sfrp do in the context of axonal guidance?
How does Shh modulate Wnt activity?
How does Shh modulate Wnt activity?
Which of the following molecules are involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?
Which of the following molecules are involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?
Which molecule binds to Robo1 in preference to N-Slit in the absence of Dscam?
Which molecule binds to Robo1 in preference to N-Slit in the absence of Dscam?
What role does FLRT3 play in thalamocortical axon guidance?
What role does FLRT3 play in thalamocortical axon guidance?
How does the expression of FLRT3 and Robo1 influence the response of thalamocortical axons to netrin?
How does the expression of FLRT3 and Robo1 influence the response of thalamocortical axons to netrin?
Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in the guidance of thalamocortical axons?
Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in the guidance of thalamocortical axons?
What is the role of Sema3B and Npn-2 in axon guidance?
What is the role of Sema3B and Npn-2 in axon guidance?
What is the significance of the observed difference in axonal behaviour in the presence of netrin versus the combination of netrin and Slit?
What is the significance of the observed difference in axonal behaviour in the presence of netrin versus the combination of netrin and Slit?
Which of the following statements about Robo1 is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about Robo1 is TRUE?
Which of the following is a key reason for the complexity of neural circuits?
Which of the following is a key reason for the complexity of neural circuits?
Which of the following molecules has been identified as an alternative receptor for Slit?
Which of the following molecules has been identified as an alternative receptor for Slit?
How does Shh influence Wnt signaling?
How does Shh influence Wnt signaling?
Which of the following molecules is NOT directly involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?
Which of the following molecules is NOT directly involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?
How does Robo3 modulate the attraction of axons by netrin?
How does Robo3 modulate the attraction of axons by netrin?
Which protein directly interacts with Sema6A to modulate its repulsive response?
Which protein directly interacts with Sema6A to modulate its repulsive response?
In which of the following scenarios does Sfrp play a role?
In which of the following scenarios does Sfrp play a role?
What is the primary function of the molecule FLRT3 during axonal guidance?
What is the primary function of the molecule FLRT3 during axonal guidance?
What is the role of the molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in axonal guidance?
What is the role of the molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in axonal guidance?
Which of the following is NOT a known mechanism of crosstalk between different axon guidance receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a known mechanism of crosstalk between different axon guidance receptors?
Which of the following pathways involves a synergistic interaction between netrin and Shh?
Which of the following pathways involves a synergistic interaction between netrin and Shh?
Which of the following molecules functions as a receptor for Netrin-1 in commissural axon pathfinding?
Which of the following molecules functions as a receptor for Netrin-1 in commissural axon pathfinding?
Which mechanism is responsible for the sorting of axons in the optic tract by the molecule Hermes?
Which mechanism is responsible for the sorting of axons in the optic tract by the molecule Hermes?
What is the role of RNA-binding proteins in axonal guidance?
What is the role of RNA-binding proteins in axonal guidance?
Which of the following molecules is directly involved in commissure formation in the mammalian forebrain?
Which of the following molecules is directly involved in commissure formation in the mammalian forebrain?
Which molecule acts as a gatekeeper between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
Which molecule acts as a gatekeeper between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
What is the role of Ryk in axonal guidance?
What is the role of Ryk in axonal guidance?
Which of the following molecules is involved in the regulation of Drosophila brain wiring?
Which of the following molecules is involved in the regulation of Drosophila brain wiring?
What is the main function of the Frazzled/DCC receptor in axon guidance?
What is the main function of the Frazzled/DCC receptor in axon guidance?
What is the role of Nectin-like molecules/SynCAMs in axonal guidance?
What is the role of Nectin-like molecules/SynCAMs in axonal guidance?
Which of the following proteins is a negative regulator of Slit responsiveness?
Which of the following proteins is a negative regulator of Slit responsiveness?
Which of the following molecules is required for the growth and guidance of mouse retinal ganglion cell axons?
Which of the following molecules is required for the growth and guidance of mouse retinal ganglion cell axons?
What is a significant challenge when studying axonal guidance during embryonic development in mammals?
What is a significant challenge when studying axonal guidance during embryonic development in mammals?
In what aspect of axonal guidance research does in vitro experimentation fall short?
In what aspect of axonal guidance research does in vitro experimentation fall short?
Which of the following techniques is becoming increasingly useful for visualizing the relationship between surface receptors and the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following techniques is becoming increasingly useful for visualizing the relationship between surface receptors and the cytoskeleton?
What is the primary reason why diverse animal models are important for studying axonal guidance?
What is the primary reason why diverse animal models are important for studying axonal guidance?
How does the research by Bourikas et al. (2005) contribute to our understanding of axonal guidance?
How does the research by Bourikas et al. (2005) contribute to our understanding of axonal guidance?
Based on the discussions, how does the research by Brignani and Pasterkamp (2017) relate to understanding axonal guidance?
Based on the discussions, how does the research by Brignani and Pasterkamp (2017) relate to understanding axonal guidance?
What is a key takeaway from the research by Brittis et al. (2002) regarding axonal guidance?
What is a key takeaway from the research by Brittis et al. (2002) regarding axonal guidance?
The research by Bron et al. (2007) focuses on which aspect of axonal guidance?
The research by Bron et al. (2007) focuses on which aspect of axonal guidance?
Flashcards
Netrin
Netrin
A protein that guides axons towards the floor plate during development.
Shh (Sonic Hedgehog)
Shh (Sonic Hedgehog)
A signaling molecule that has both attractive and repulsive effects on axons.
Chemoattractive effect
Chemoattractive effect
The ability of certain factors to attract cells or axons.
Wnt gradient
Wnt gradient
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VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
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Long-range repellents
Long-range repellents
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BMP7
BMP7
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Draxin
Draxin
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Netrin-Dcc competition
Netrin-Dcc competition
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Plexin A1 role
Plexin A1 role
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Netrin and Hh interaction
Netrin and Hh interaction
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Synergism with Src-family kinases
Synergism with Src-family kinases
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Slit and Netrin combination
Slit and Netrin combination
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Shh influence
Shh influence
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Robo3 modulation
Robo3 modulation
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Complex of Sema6D/NrCAM/plexin A1
Complex of Sema6D/NrCAM/plexin A1
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Netrin and Slit
Netrin and Slit
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Dscam
Dscam
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Robo1
Robo1
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FLRT3
FLRT3
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Dcc
Dcc
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Crosstalk
Crosstalk
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Semaphorins
Semaphorins
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Commissural axons
Commissural axons
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Neurotrophic support
Neurotrophic support
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Axon guidance
Axon guidance
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Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog
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Localized regulation
Localized regulation
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Semaphorin-plexin mechanism
Semaphorin-plexin mechanism
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Boundary cap cells
Boundary cap cells
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High-resolution imaging
High-resolution imaging
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TAG-1
TAG-1
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Plexin-A4
Plexin-A4
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Reverse signaling
Reverse signaling
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Hermes
Hermes
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Wnt receptor Ryk
Wnt receptor Ryk
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Robo family protein rig-1
Robo family protein rig-1
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Nectin-like molecules
Nectin-like molecules
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Slit-Robo-RPTP complex
Slit-Robo-RPTP complex
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Autonomous Shh signaling
Autonomous Shh signaling
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Midline crossing regulation
Midline crossing regulation
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Drosophila brain wiring
Drosophila brain wiring
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Study Notes
Understanding Axon Guidance
- Axons extend to reach targets during nervous system development, forming functional circuits
- Faulty circuit assembly/disintegration causes nervous system disorders
- Molecular mechanisms guiding axons and neural circuit formation are of interest to developmental neuroscientists and for understanding neural disorders
- Axons express guidance receptors on their growth cones
- Axons navigate using attractive and repulsive guidance information in their environment
- Axon guidance molecules are attractive or repulsive
- Cooperation of long- and short-range guidance cues is needed for axon navigation to target cells
- Intermediate targets during axon navigation provide important guidance and prepare axons for the next stage of their journey
- Axonal navigation at choice points remains poorly understood
- A switch in responsiveness of growth cones from attraction to repulsion is needed to reach final targets
- Timing of this switch is critical for successful target contact
Axon Guidance in the Spinal Cord
- Commissural neurons, especially dl1 neurons, have been extensively studied
- These axons cross the midline and navigate to the contralateral side via the floor plate
- Long-range cues and receptors control different stages of navigation
- Netrin 1 attracts dI1 axons to the floor plate, via a concentration gradient
- Recent studies question the floor plate as the source of netrin in favor of precursor cells in the central canal
- Guidance cues like netrin, Shh, and VEGF also attract axons to the floor plate
- BMP7 and Draxin are long-range repellents that push axons away from the roof plate.
- Short-range guidance cues control navigation at the floor plate
- Cntn2 and NrCAM interact to allow axons to enter the floor plate
- Slit/Robo1 interactions expel axons from the floor plate
- Sema3 is a repellant after crossing
- Wnt (attractive) and Shh (repulsive) gradients help axons turn rostrally after crossing
- These molecular mechanisms are conserved in the brain
Axon Guidance in the Brain
- Molecular mechanisms conserved in the brain
- Slit/Robo signaling is involved in the development of the corpus callosum and other commissures, similar to in spinal cord
- Class-3 semaphorins and neuropilins regulate midline crossing at the chiasm
- Netrin and Slit gradients affect thalamocortical connections
- Membrane-bound class-6 semaphorins, plexins and IgSF-CAMs influence visual system axon pathfinding
Regulation of Axon Guidance Receptors
- Changes in transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications regulate receptor expression at choice points
- Time and internal timers regulate receptor function
Complexity of Axon Guidance
- Many molecules and receptors are needed for complex neural circuit formation
- Fine-tuning of responsiveness is necessary for proper circuit development
- Research is ongoing to fully understand the mechanisms for neural circuit formation
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