Annexe: Axonal Guidance Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following molecules are not a part of the dorsal guidance system?

  • Draxin
  • VEGF (correct)
  • netrin (correct)
  • BMP7

What type of signal is Shh during the axonal guidance process?

  • Neither attractive nor repulsive
  • Both attractive and repulsive (correct)
  • Attractive
  • Repulsive

What is the role of the floor plate in axonal guidance?

  • To act as a source of only repulsive signals
  • To act as a barrier to axonal crossing
  • To act as a source of only attractive signals
  • To act as a source of both attractive and repulsive signals (correct)

What is the purpose of axonal crossing?

<p>To allow for communication between the two sides of the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sfrp do in the context of axonal guidance?

<p>It inhibits the activity of Wnt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Shh modulate Wnt activity?

<p>By shaping the Wnt gradient in an Sfrp-dependent manner (A), By regulating Fzd3 surface expression in a Shisa2-dependent manner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules are involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?

<p>Netrin, Shh, VEGF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule binds to Robo1 in preference to N-Slit in the absence of Dscam?

<p>Dscam1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does FLRT3 play in thalamocortical axon guidance?

<p>FLRT3 increases the expression of Dcc, a netrin receptor, in rostral thalamocortical axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the expression of FLRT3 and Robo1 influence the response of thalamocortical axons to netrin?

<p>FLRT3 and Robo1 enhance the attraction of axons to netrin, promoting rostral movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in the guidance of thalamocortical axons?

<p>FGF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sema3B and Npn-2 in axon guidance?

<p>They are involved in midline crossing by commissural axons in the spinal cord and brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the observed difference in axonal behaviour in the presence of netrin versus the combination of netrin and Slit?

<p>This highlights the importance of the spatial and temporal coordination of different guidance cues in axonal navigation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Robo1 is TRUE?

<p>Robo1 is a receptor for Slit, repelling axons from Slit gradients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key reason for the complexity of neural circuits?

<p>The regulation of signaling pathways and the coordination of various guidance cues and receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules has been identified as an alternative receptor for Slit?

<p>Plexin A1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Shh influence Wnt signaling?

<p>Shh inhibits Wnt signaling through Sfrp and Shisa2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT directly involved in the guidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate?

<p>TAG-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Robo3 modulate the attraction of axons by netrin?

<p>Robo3 interacts with Dcc and reduces its affinity for netrin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein directly interacts with Sema6A to modulate its repulsive response?

<p>Plexin-A4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios does Sfrp play a role?

<p>Sfrp regulates the activity of ADAM proteins and influences the interaction between cell adhesion molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the molecule FLRT3 during axonal guidance?

<p>Determining Netrin-1 attraction in developing axons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in axonal guidance?

<p>Guiding axons via zipcode binding protein 1-mediated local translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known mechanism of crosstalk between different axon guidance receptors?

<p>Plexin A1 interacts with Slit and promotes the repulsion of axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways involves a synergistic interaction between netrin and Shh?

<p>The attraction of axons to the midline in flies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules functions as a receptor for Netrin-1 in commissural axon pathfinding?

<p>DSCAM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for the sorting of axons in the optic tract by the molecule Hermes?

<p>Post-transcriptional regulation of Neuropilin 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA-binding proteins in axonal guidance?

<p>Regulating the translation of guidance molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is directly involved in commissure formation in the mammalian forebrain?

<p>TAG-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as a gatekeeper between the central and peripheral nervous systems?

<p>Semaphorin6A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ryk in axonal guidance?

<p>It acts as a receptor for the Wnt5a protein and is involved in guiding axons to the contralateral side of the corpus callosum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is involved in the regulation of Drosophila brain wiring?

<p>Slit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Frazzled/DCC receptor in axon guidance?

<p>Its intracellular domain functions as a transcription factor necessary for guiding commissural axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Nectin-like molecules/SynCAMs in axonal guidance?

<p>They are involved in post-crossing commissural axon guidance, ensuring proper navigation of axons after they cross the midline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is a negative regulator of Slit responsiveness?

<p>Robo3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is required for the growth and guidance of mouse retinal ganglion cell axons?

<p>Shh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when studying axonal guidance during embryonic development in mammals?

<p>The precise temporal control of experiments during embryonic development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect of axonal guidance research does in vitro experimentation fall short?

<p>Inability to mimic the complexity of cell-cell interactions in developing tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is becoming increasingly useful for visualizing the relationship between surface receptors and the cytoskeleton?

<p>High-resolution imaging techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why diverse animal models are important for studying axonal guidance?

<p>To account for the different strengths and weaknesses of each model system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the research by Bourikas et al. (2005) contribute to our understanding of axonal guidance?

<p>It demonstrates the role of Sonic hedgehog in guiding commissural axons in the spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the discussions, how does the research by Brignani and Pasterkamp (2017) relate to understanding axonal guidance?

<p>It sheds light on the specific mechanisms of axonal wiring in the developing midbrain dopamine system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key takeaway from the research by Brittis et al. (2002) regarding axonal guidance?

<p>Axonal protein synthesis plays a role in localized regulation at an intermediate target. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The research by Bron et al. (2007) focuses on which aspect of axonal guidance?

<p>The role of boundary cap cells in constraining spinal motor neuron somal migration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Netrin

A protein that guides axons towards the floor plate during development.

Shh (Sonic Hedgehog)

A signaling molecule that has both attractive and repulsive effects on axons.

Chemoattractive effect

The ability of certain factors to attract cells or axons.

Wnt gradient

A signaling gradient that attracts axons in a rostral direction.

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VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

A factor that acts as an attractant for commissural axons towards the floor plate.

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Long-range repellents

Substances that repel axons from certain areas, such as the dorsal spinal cord.

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BMP7

A cytokine that acts as a long-range repellent to guide axons away from the dorsal spinal cord.

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Draxin

A protein that acts as a repellent for axons derived from the roof plate.

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Netrin-Dcc competition

Dcc and Draxin compete for netrin binding, affecting axon guidance.

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Plexin A1 role

Plexin A1 serves as an alternative receptor for Slit, impacting axon attraction.

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Netrin and Hh interaction

Netrin and Hedgehog (Hh) attract axons to the midline in flies.

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Synergism with Src-family kinases

Netrin and Shh work together through Src-family kinases in vertebrates.

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Slit and Netrin combination

Slit and netrin together attract thalamocortical axons in development.

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Shh influence

Shh regulates Wnt signaling through Sfrp and Shisa2, impacting cell signaling.

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Robo3 modulation

Robo3 modifies netrin attraction via cis interaction with Dcc.

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Complex of Sema6D/NrCAM/plexin A1

This complex promotes midline crossing at chiasm, facilitating axon navigation.

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Netrin and Slit

Molecules that regulate axon pathfinding and targeting.

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Dscam

A protein that influences axonal connections in the nervous system.

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Robo1

A receptor that binds Slit, guiding axon navigation.

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FLRT3

A protein that modulates Robo1 and affects axon pathfinding.

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Dcc

A receptor for netrin that directs axonal growth.

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Crosstalk

Interaction between different guidance cues during axonal navigation.

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Semaphorins

Proteins involved in axon guidance and repulsion.

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Commissural axons

Axons that cross the midline to connect different brain regions.

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Neurotrophic support

Biological signals that promote neuron survival and growth.

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Axon guidance

The process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct target.

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Sonic hedgehog

A signaling molecule involved in guiding axons during spinal cord development.

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Localized regulation

The control of processes at specific sites within a cell or structure.

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Semaphorin-plexin mechanism

A signaling pathway regulating neuronal migration and axon guidance.

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Boundary cap cells

Cells that help guide motor neurons by constraining their movement.

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High-resolution imaging

Advanced imaging techniques that provide detailed views of cells and tissues.

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TAG-1

A neural adhesion molecule that modulates sensory axon responses.

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Plexin-A4

A receptor that interacts with Semaphorin6A to modulate axon responses.

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Reverse signaling

A process where the receiving cell sends signals back to the signaling cell.

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Hermes

A protein involved in axon sorting through post-transcriptional regulation.

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Wnt receptor Ryk

A receptor essential for Wnt5a-mediated axon guidance.

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Robo family protein rig-1

A negative regulator that prevents midline crossing by commissural axons.

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Nectin-like molecules

Proteins required for guidance of commissural axons after crossing.

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Slit-Robo-RPTP complex

A signaling complex involved in Drosophila brain wiring and axon guidance.

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Autonomous Shh signaling

A signaling pathway mediating mouse retinal ganglion cell axon growth and guidance.

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Midline crossing regulation

Switching of receptor processing that affects axon guidance at the midline.

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Drosophila brain wiring

The process of configuring neural connections influenced by neuropil interactions.

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Study Notes

Understanding Axon Guidance

  • Axons extend to reach targets during nervous system development, forming functional circuits
  • Faulty circuit assembly/disintegration causes nervous system disorders
  • Molecular mechanisms guiding axons and neural circuit formation are of interest to developmental neuroscientists and for understanding neural disorders
  • Axons express guidance receptors on their growth cones
  • Axons navigate using attractive and repulsive guidance information in their environment
  • Axon guidance molecules are attractive or repulsive
  • Cooperation of long- and short-range guidance cues is needed for axon navigation to target cells
  • Intermediate targets during axon navigation provide important guidance and prepare axons for the next stage of their journey
  • Axonal navigation at choice points remains poorly understood
  • A switch in responsiveness of growth cones from attraction to repulsion is needed to reach final targets
  • Timing of this switch is critical for successful target contact

Axon Guidance in the Spinal Cord

  • Commissural neurons, especially dl1 neurons, have been extensively studied
  • These axons cross the midline and navigate to the contralateral side via the floor plate
  • Long-range cues and receptors control different stages of navigation
  • Netrin 1 attracts dI1 axons to the floor plate, via a concentration gradient
  • Recent studies question the floor plate as the source of netrin in favor of precursor cells in the central canal
  • Guidance cues like netrin, Shh, and VEGF also attract axons to the floor plate
  • BMP7 and Draxin are long-range repellents that push axons away from the roof plate.
  • Short-range guidance cues control navigation at the floor plate
  • Cntn2 and NrCAM interact to allow axons to enter the floor plate
  • Slit/Robo1 interactions expel axons from the floor plate
  • Sema3 is a repellant after crossing
  • Wnt (attractive) and Shh (repulsive) gradients help axons turn rostrally after crossing
  • These molecular mechanisms are conserved in the brain

Axon Guidance in the Brain

  • Molecular mechanisms conserved in the brain
  • Slit/Robo signaling is involved in the development of the corpus callosum and other commissures, similar to in spinal cord
  • Class-3 semaphorins and neuropilins regulate midline crossing at the chiasm
  • Netrin and Slit gradients affect thalamocortical connections
  • Membrane-bound class-6 semaphorins, plexins and IgSF-CAMs influence visual system axon pathfinding

Regulation of Axon Guidance Receptors

  • Changes in transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications regulate receptor expression at choice points
  • Time and internal timers regulate receptor function

Complexity of Axon Guidance

  • Many molecules and receptors are needed for complex neural circuit formation
  • Fine-tuning of responsiveness is necessary for proper circuit development
  • Research is ongoing to fully understand the mechanisms for neural circuit formation

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