Annexe: Axon Growth Mechanisms and Characteristics

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substrate that repels the growth cone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbohydrate that inhibits axon growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin filaments and microtubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using fluorescent labels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profilin promotes the addition of actin monomers to the plus-end of filaments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growth cone loses its ability to find the target tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the interaction between guidance molecules on the outside of the growth cone and the cytoskeleton on the inside, mediated by linker proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-range cues specify the direction of growth, while short-range cues specify the exact pathway. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microtubules stabilize the protrusions, allowing them to develop into mature side branches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cofilin enhances the depolymerization of actin filaments at the minus-end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collaterals are more frequent than bifurcations because they are less energetically costly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guidance cues provide information to the growth cone that enables it to navigate towards its target tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microtubule stabilization causes the growth cone to turn in the direction of the stabilized microtubules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The engorgement phase is characterized by the formation of new axon shafts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methods by which axons increase in length, including adding microtubules and stretching.

New microtubules are added at the distal end of the axon, allowing growth in length.

Experiment showing that microtubules are added to the distal end while the midsection remains stationary.

Process where mature axons can add material along their length, not just at the growth cone.

The shape of the growth cone changes based on growth phase and environment, affecting its exploration behavior.

When navigating, growth cones enlarge and produce more filopodia to explore different directions.

Surfaces like CSPG that cause growth cones to turn away at boundaries.

Actin filaments and microtubules work together in vertebrate growth cones to support growth.

A cycle where actin filaments rapidly grow at the plus-end and shrink at the minus-end.

A protein that promotes the addition of actin monomers to the growing plus-end of filaments.

A protein that enhances the depolymerization of actin filaments at the minus-end.

Four stages of growth cone behavior: encounter, protrusion, engorgement, and consolidation.

The mechanism by which the growth cone changes direction based on actin dynamics.

Guidance molecules that act over long distances to direct axons without specifying a direct path.

Guidance signals that specify the precise pathway for the growth cone, based on receptor interactions.

A linkage system that transmits signals from surface receptors to the cytoskeleton for movement.

Side branches of an axon that allow it to contact multiple target tissues.

Small extensions formed by actin that can develop into side branches if stabilized by microtubules.