AWS S3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of using CloudFront edge locations with S3?

  • Enhanced data analytics capabilities
  • Improved security for sensitive data
  • Reduced latency for read-intensive requests (correct)
  • Increased storage capacity for buckets

    • What type of data store is S3 classified as?

  • Volatile data store
  • Persistent data store (correct)
  • Ephemeral data store
  • Transient data store

    • What is the default number of buckets allowed per AWS account?

  • Unlimited buckets
  • 100 buckets (correct)
  • 50 buckets
  • 200 buckets

    • What is the purpose of CORS headers in S3?

    <p>To allow requests to a different origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage class stores objects redundantly within a single Availability Zone?

    <p>S3 One Zone-IA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format for specifying resources in a policy?

    <p>arn:partition:service:region:namespace:relative-id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of access auditing in S3?

    <p>To capture IAM/user identity information in logs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can grant cross-account permissions to another AWS account?

    <p>The bucket owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of policy defines access to resources and can be associated with resources and users?

    <p>Access policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an object that can be uploaded in a single PUT request?

    <p>5 gigabytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consistency model used for overwrite PUTS and DELETES in Amazon S3?

    <p>Eventual consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are objects stored in Amazon S3?

    <p>On multiple devices across multiple facilities (AZs) in an Amazon S3 region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Requester Pays function in Amazon S3?

    <p>To remove anonymous access and make the requester pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of a file that can be stored in Amazon S3?

    <p>0 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to access Amazon S3?

    <p>Through SDKs and APIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Event notifications in Amazon S3?

    <p>To send alerts or trigger actions for specific events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scalability of Amazon S3?

    <p>Scalable to high request rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of a bucket policy?

    <p>20 KB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended use case for bucket ACLs?

    <p>Granting write permissions to the S3 Log Delivery group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valid use case for bucket policies?

    <p>Defining access control lists for objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of permissions that can be granted per object ACL?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transfer acceleration?

    <p>To reduce latency for object uploads to S3 over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the URL format for S3 Transfer Acceleration?

    <p>s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a supported feature for S3 Transfer Acceleration?

    <p>Transfer acceleration can be disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pre-signed URLs?

    <p>To grant temporary access to specific objects to users without AWS credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about S3 Static Websites is FALSE?

    <p>S3 Static Websites can use dynamic content such as PHP and .Net</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a valid use case for multipart upload?

    <p>To upload objects larger than 5 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an object is deleted in a bucket with versioning enabled?

    <p>A DELETE marker is placed on the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT a server-side encryption method supported by Amazon S3?

    <p>SSE-IA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be enabled for Cross Region Replication to function?

    <p>Versioning on both source and destination buckets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a lifecycle action applied in Amazon S3?

    <p>Based on an XML file configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does enabling versioning in S3 mean for previously existing objects?

    <p>They will be assigned a version ID of NULL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does Multi-factor authentication (MFA) delete apply to?

    <p>Deleting versioned objects permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lifecycle management is false?

    <p>It applies only to current versions of an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done before transitioning objects to the ONEZONE_IA class?

    <p>Store them for at least 30 days in STANDARD_IA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum permission required to use a KMS customer master key while uploading an encrypted object?

    <p>kms:Decrypt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the versioning feature in Amazon S3?

    <p>It cannot be suspended once enabled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary requirement for enabling Cross Region Replication (CRR) in S3?

    <p>Replication can take place only if versioning is enabled for the source bucket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does S3 object tagging allow you to do?

    <p>Create IAM policies based on object attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are CloudWatch Storage Metrics reported for S3 buckets?

    <p>Once per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for configuring notifications in Amazon S3?

    <p>You need to define event types and message destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trigger for S3 replication?

    <p>Changes made to bucket policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which permission is necessary for Amazon S3 to replicate objects into a destination bucket?

    <p>The bucket owner must grant S3 permission to replicate objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended use of S3 Lifecycle policies?

    <p>To manage the storage duration of S3 objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the replication feature of S3 ensure regarding the objects being replicated?

    <p>Replicas will be exact copies with matching key names and metadata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of objects cannot be replicated with Cross Region Replication (CRR)?

    <p>KMS-encrypted objects without a valid KMS key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Same Region Replication (SRR)?

    <p>It is asynchronous and requires no specific permissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of Amazon S3 storage classes can objects be replicated to?

    <p>Any Amazon S3 storage class, including S3 Glacier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does S3 Inventory primarily provide?

    <p>Daily or weekly reports on object replication and encryption status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to avoid when setting up server access logging?

    <p>Designating the same bucket for both logging and log storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is recommended for optimizing performance of Amazon S3?

    <p>Use byte-range fetches in GET Object requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when changes occur to an S3 object that has replication configured?

    <p>A new replication is triggered to the destination bucket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended tool for logging bucket and object-level actions in Amazon S3?

    <p>AWS CloudTrail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the method to achieve optimal performance when working with S3?

    <p>Scale storage connections horizontally by making multiple concurrent requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the performance of applications using Amazon S3 be understood and improved?

    <p>Through Amazon CloudWatch metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of using Object Tags in relation to replication?

    <p>They ensure that only specific objects are replicated based on tags.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to retry requests for latency-sensitive applications in Amazon S3?

    <p>They may take a different path and could quickly succeed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SSE-S3 use to encrypt each object in Amazon S3?

    <p>A unique key for each object and rotates a master key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encryption method allows for an audit trail of key usage?

    <p>SSE-KMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario must you specify the encryption algorithm during the request?

    <p>SSE-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What header is used to provide the encrypted key for SSE-C in Amazon S3?

    <p>x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of encryption allows the user to manage the encryption keys directly?

    <p>SSE-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature does client-side encryption using AWS KMS provide when downloading an object?

    <p>A version of the encrypted data key embedded in the metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option does NOT require any additional permissions for key usage?

    <p>SSE-S3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encryption standard is used by SSE-S3 for encrypting data?

    <p>256-bit AES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of keys does SSE-KMS support for added protection?

    <p>Customer-managed CMKs and AWS managed CMKs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use case for Amazon S3 event notifications?

    <p>To run workflows in response to object changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of accessing an S3 bucket from EC2 instances in the same AWS Region?

    <p>It reduces network latency and data transfer costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum archive size that can be uploaded to Glacier in a single operation?

    <p>4 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retrieval tier in Glacier offers the fastest access to archived data?

    <p>S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to archived data after a retrieval request in Glacier?

    <p>The data is copied to S3 and the archive remains in Glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum retrieval time for data stored in the S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval tier?

    <p>Minutes to hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main features of Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration?

    <p>It manages fast transfers of files over long distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do you have to download data after retrieving it from Glacier?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of objects cannot be modified after they are uploaded to Glacier?

    <p>Archive objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional data is added to each object when transitioning to Glacier from other classes using lifecycle policies?

    <p>Indexing and archive metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a storage tier offered by Amazon S3 Glacier?

    <p>Glacier Standard Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of an object that can be uploaded in a single PUT request?

    <p>5 gigabytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consistency model used for overwrite PUTS and DELETES in Amazon S3?

    <p>Eventual consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Requester Pays function in Amazon S3?

    <p>To ensure that the requester pays for the cost of accessing objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to access Amazon S3?

    <p>Through SDKs and APIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Event notifications in Amazon S3?

    <p>To send alerts or trigger actions for specific events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using S3 Transfer Acceleration?

    <p>To enhance transfer speeds over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pre-signed URLs is true?

    <p>They allow temporary access to specific objects for users without credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of bucket policies regarding size?

    <p>They are limited to 20 KB in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When uploading objects using multipart upload, which of the following is not an advantage?

    <p>Allows modifications to the object metadata during upload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about static website hosting on S3 is false?

    <p>S3 can host dynamic content such as PHP scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Amazon S3 Cross Region Replication (CRR)?

    <p>To automatically replicate data across AWS Regions for disaster recovery and data redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for enabling Cross Region Replication (CRR) in S3?

    <p>The source and destination buckets must be in the same AWS Region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions are NOT replicated during Cross Region Replication (CRR)?

    <p>Object ACL changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Cross Region Replication (CRR) and Same Region Replication (SRR)?

    <p>CRR replicates data across AWS Regions, while SRR replicates data within the same AWS Region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enabling S3 object tagging?

    <p>To facilitate data analysis and filtering of objects based on tags using CloudWatch metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does versioning play in Amazon S3?

    <p>It protects against accidental data overwrites and deletions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a DELETE marker when you delete an object in S3 with versioning enabled?

    <p>The DELETE marker is placed on the object, making it unavailable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements are true regarding Amazon S3 server-side encryption?

    <p>SSE-S3 encrypts data with AES-256 using unique keys for each object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be configured before transitioning objects to the ONEZONE_IA class in S3?

    <p>Objects must be stored at least 30 days in the STANDARD_IA storage class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When versioning is enabled, who can permanently delete objects in an S3 bucket?

    <p>Only the S3 bucket owner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Amazon S3 ensure that replicated objects maintain their integrity and associated information?

    <p>By copying the object data along with its metadata, ACLs, and object tags.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of S3 Inventory, in the context of Amazon S3 analytics?

    <p>Analyzing and reporting on the replication and encryption status of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these strategies is NOT recommended for optimizing performance when interacting with Amazon S3?

    <p>Using byte-range fetches to retrieve portions of large objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Amazon S3 server access logging differ from AWS CloudTrail logs in terms of logging capabilities?

    <p>Server access logging records detailed request information, while CloudTrail logs record a more generalized view of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Amazon S3 recommend using CloudTrail for logging bucket and object-level actions?

    <p>CloudTrail offers more granular logging capabilities, enabling detailed auditing of actions on S3 resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valid sub-resource associated with an Amazon S3 object?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for controlling access to Amazon S3 resources?

    <p>CORS Configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header in CORS configuration for Amazon S3?

    <p>To allow requests from specific origins or domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration?

    <p>To minimize latency caused by distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Amazon S3 storage class is designed for objects that are accessed infrequently and are stored redundantly within a single Availability Zone?

    <p>One Zone-IA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between S3 Glacier Deep Archive and S3 Glacier?

    <p>Retrieval times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Amazon S3 bucket naming is TRUE?

    <p>Bucket names are case-sensitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you retrieve an archive from Glacier?

    <p>The archive is copied to S3 and remains in Glacier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of a file that can be archived in Glacier?

    <p>1 byte to 40 TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you upload data to Glacier?

    <p>Using the CLI, SDKs, or APIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encryption method uses 256-bit AES to secure data stored in Amazon S3?

    <p>Server-Side Encryption with S3 Managed Keys (SSE-S3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is unique to Server-Side Encryption with AWS KMS Keys (SSE-KMS) compared to others?

    <p>Provides an audit trail of key usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What headers must be specified when using Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C)?

    <p>x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-algorithm and x-amz-server-side-encryption-customer-key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes client-side encryption in relation to AWS services?

    <p>Objects are encrypted before they are sent to Amazon S3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of encryption allows users to manage their own encryption keys and also specify where keys are stored?

    <p>Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Amazon S3 Overview

    • Amazon S3 is an object storage service that allows storing and retrieving any amount of data from anywhere on the Internet.
    • It's a simple storage service that offers an extremely durable, highly available, and infinitely scalable data storage infrastructure at very low costs.

    Key Features

    • Distributed architecture with objects redundantly stored on multiple devices across multiple facilities (AZs) in an Amazon S3 region.
    • Simple key-based object store with keys that can be any string and can be constructed to mimic hierarchical attributes.
    • Supports S3 Object Tagging to organize data across all S3 buckets and/or prefixes.
    • Provides a simple, standards-based REST web services interface that is designed to work with any Internet-development toolkit.

    Storage Details

    • Files can be from 0 bytes to 5TB in size.
    • The largest object that can be uploaded in a single PUT is 5 gigabytes.
    • Objects larger than 100 megabytes require the Multipart Upload capability.
    • Updates to an object are atomic, ensuring either the new object or the old one is retrieved, never partial or corrupt data.

    Access Control

    • Access to buckets and objects can be granted to AWS accounts, IAM users, and federated users.
    • Supports four mechanisms for controlling access to Amazon S3 resources: IAM permissions, Bucket Policies, ACLs, and Query String Authentication.
    • Requester pays function causes the requester to pay (removes anonymous access) and provides time-limited access to objects.

    Data Consistency

    • Provides read after write consistency for PUTS of new objects.
    • Provides eventual consistency for overwrite PUTS and DELETES (takes time to propagate).

    Additional Capabilities

    • Supports unlimited storage with automatic scaling to high request rates.
    • Allows for event notifications for specific actions, sending alerts or triggering actions.
    • Supports cross-region replication with versioning enabled on both source and destination buckets.
    • Enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances with Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration.

    Storage Classes

    • Offers six storage classes: S3 Standard, S3 Infrequent Access, S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access, S3 Glacier, S3 Glacier Deep Archive, and S3 Intelligent-Tiering.

    Bucket Management

    • Buckets are region-specific and have a unique namespace.
    • Bucket names can be up to 63 characters and must be DNS-compliant.
    • Supports up to 100 buckets per account by default, and objects can be stored in folders within buckets.
    • Bucket ownership is not transferable, and bucket names cannot be changed after creation.

    Objects and Sub-Resources

    • Each object is stored and retrieved by a unique key (ID or name).
    • Sub-resources are subordinate to objects, including object tags, access control lists (ACLs), and metadata.

    Security and Encryption

    • Supports server-side encryption options: SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, and SSE-C.
    • Enables client-side encryption using customer-provided encryption keys.
    • Supports encryption and decryption of data in transit using SSL/TLS.

    Event Notifications

    • Supports event notifications for specific actions, such as PUTs, POSTs, COPYs, or DELETEs.
    • Enables notifications to be sent to Amazon SNS, Amazon SQS, or AWS Lambda.

    Metrics and Analytics

    • Supports Amazon S3 CloudWatch metrics for request and storage data.
    • Enables configuration of filters for metrics using a prefix or object tag.

    Cross-Region Replication

    • Automatically replicates data across AWS Regions with Cross-Region Replication (CRR).

    • Requires versioning to be enabled on both the source and destination buckets.

    • Supports automatic, asynchronous copying of objects between buckets in different regions.### Cross-Region Replication (CRR)

    • Source and destination buckets must be in different regions.

    • Replication is 1:1 (one source bucket to one destination bucket).

    • You can configure separate S3 Lifecycle rules on the source and destination buckets.

    • You can replicate KMS-encrypted objects by providing a destination KMS key in your replication configuration.

    • You can set up CRR across AWS accounts to store your replicated data in a different account in the target region.

    • To activate CRR, you need to configure the replication on the source bucket.

    • Replicas will be exact replicas and share the same key names and metadata.

    • You can specify a different storage class (by default, the source storage class will be used).

    • AWS S3 will encrypt data in-transit with SSL.

    Same Region Replication (SRR)

    • SRR allows you to replicate objects to a destination bucket within the same region as the source bucket.
    • Replication is automatic and asynchronous.
    • New objects uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket are configured for replication at the bucket, prefix, or object tag levels.
    • Replicated objects can be owned by the same AWS account as the original copy or by different accounts, to protect from accidental deletion.
    • Replication can be to any Amazon S3 storage class, including S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive to create backups and long-term archives.

    S3 Analytics

    • S3 Analytics allows you to run analytics on data stored on Amazon S3.
    • This includes data lakes, IoT streaming data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.
    • You can use S3 Inventory to audit and report on the replication and encryption status of your objects for business, compliance, and regulatory needs.

    S3 Inventory

    • S3 Inventory provides comma-separated values (CSV), Apache optimized row columnar (ORC) or Apache Parquet (Parquet) output files that list your objects and their corresponding metadata on a daily or weekly basis for an S3 bucket or a shared prefix.
    • You can use S3 Inventory to audit and report on the replication and encryption status of your objects for business, compliance, and regulatory needs.

    Monitoring and Reporting

    • Amazon CloudWatch metrics for Amazon S3 can help you understand and improve the performance of applications that use Amazon S3.
    • You can use CloudWatch with Amazon S3 to monitor and report on performance.

    Logging and Auditing

    • You can record the actions taken by users, roles, or AWS services on Amazon S3 resources and maintain log records for auditing and compliance purposes.
    • You can use Amazon S3 server access logging, AWS CloudTrail logs, or a combination of both to log and audit actions on Amazon S3 resources.

    S3 Performance Guidelines

    • Measure Performance: Look at network throughput, CPU, and DRAM requirements when optimizing performance.
    • Scale Storage Connections Horizontally: Issue multiple concurrent requests to Amazon S3 and spread them over separate connections to maximize the accessible bandwidth from Amazon S3.
    • Use Byte-Range Fetches: Fetch a byte-range from an object using the Range HTTP header in a GET Object request to achieve higher aggregate throughput.
    • Retry Requests for Latency-Sensitive Applications: Aggressive timeouts and retries help drive consistent latency.
    • Combine Amazon S3 (Storage) and Amazon EC2 (Compute) in the Same AWS Region: Access the bucket from Amazon EC2 instances in the same AWS Region when possible to reduce network latency and data transfer costs.
    • Use Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration to Minimize Latency Caused by Distance: Use Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration to minimize latency caused by distance between the client and an S3 bucket.

    Glacier

    • Glacier is an archiving storage solution for infrequently accessed data.
    • There are three storage tiers: S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval, S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval (Formerly S3 Glacier), and Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive (S3 Glacier Deep Archive).
    • The key difference between the top tiers is that Deep Archive is lower cost, but retrieval times are much longer (12 hours).
    • Archived objects are not available for real-time access, and you need to submit a retrieval request.
    • Glacier must complete a job before you can get its output.
    • Requested archival data is copied to S3 One Zone-IA.
    • Following retrieval, you have 24 hours to download your data.
    • You cannot specify Glacier as the storage class at the time you create an object.
    • Glacier is designed to sustain the loss of two facilities.
    • Glacier automatically encrypts data at rest using AES 256 symmetric keys and supports secure transfer of data over SSL.
    • Glacier may not be available in all AWS regions.
    • Glacier objects are visible through S3 only (not Glacier directly).
    • Glacier does not archive object metadata; you need to maintain a client-side database to maintain this information.
    • Archives can be 1 byte up to 40TB.
    • Glacier file archives of 1 byte – 4 GB can be performed in a single operation.
    • Glacier file archives from 100MB up to 40TB can be uploaded to Glacier using the multipart upload API.
    • Uploading archives is synchronous, and downloading archives is asynchronous.
    • The contents of an archive that has been uploaded cannot be modified.
    • You can upload data to Glacier using the CLI, SDKs, or APIs – you cannot use the AWS Console.
    • Glacier adds 32-40KB (indexing and archive metadata) to each object when transitioning from other classes using lifecycle policies.
    • AWS recommends that if you have lots of small objects, they are combined in an archive (e.g., zip file) before uploading.
    • A description can be added to archives, but no other metadata can be added.
    • Glacier archive IDs are added upon upload and are unique for each upload.

    Archive Retrieval

    • You can retrieve parts of an archive.
    • When data is retrieved, it is copied to S3, and the archive remains in Glacier, and the storage class does not change.
    • AWS SNS can send notifications when retrieval jobs are complete.
    • Retrieved data is available for 24 hours by default (can be changed).
    • To retrieve specific objects within an archive, you can specify the byte range (Range) in the HTTP GET request (need to maintain a DB of byte ranges).

    Glacier Charges

    • There is no charge for data transfer between EC2 and Glacier in the same region.
    • There is a charge if you delete data within 90 days.
    • When you restore, you pay for:

    Amazon S3 Overview

    • Amazon S3 is an object storage service that allows storing and retrieving any amount of data from anywhere on the Internet.
    • It's a simple storage service that offers an extremely durable, highly available, and infinitely scalable data storage infrastructure at very low costs.

    Key Features

    • Distributed architecture with objects redundantly stored on multiple devices across multiple facilities (AZs) in an Amazon S3 region.
    • Simple key-based object store with keys that can be any string and can be constructed to mimic hierarchical attributes.
    • Supports S3 Object Tagging to organize data across all S3 buckets and/or prefixes.
    • Provides a simple, standards-based REST web services interface that is designed to work with any Internet-development toolkit.

    Storage Details

    • Files can be from 0 bytes to 5TB in size.
    • The largest object that can be uploaded in a single PUT is 5 gigabytes.
    • Objects larger than 100 megabytes require the Multipart Upload capability.
    • Updates to an object are atomic, ensuring either the new object or the old one is retrieved, never partial or corrupt data.

    Access Control

    • Access to buckets and objects can be granted to AWS accounts, IAM users, and federated users.
    • Supports four mechanisms for controlling access to Amazon S3 resources: IAM permissions, Bucket Policies, ACLs, and Query String Authentication.
    • Requester pays function causes the requester to pay (removes anonymous access) and provides time-limited access to objects.

    Data Consistency

    • Provides read after write consistency for PUTS of new objects.
    • Provides eventual consistency for overwrite PUTS and DELETES (takes time to propagate).

    Additional Capabilities

    • Supports unlimited storage with automatic scaling to high request rates.
    • Allows for event notifications for specific actions, sending alerts or triggering actions.
    • Supports cross-region replication with versioning enabled on both source and destination buckets.
    • Enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances with Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration.

    Storage Classes

    • Offers six storage classes: S3 Standard, S3 Infrequent Access, S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access, S3 Glacier, S3 Glacier Deep Archive, and S3 Intelligent-Tiering.

    Bucket Management

    • Buckets are region-specific and have a unique namespace.
    • Bucket names can be up to 63 characters and must be DNS-compliant.
    • Supports up to 100 buckets per account by default, and objects can be stored in folders within buckets.
    • Bucket ownership is not transferable, and bucket names cannot be changed after creation.

    Objects and Sub-Resources

    • Each object is stored and retrieved by a unique key (ID or name).
    • Sub-resources are subordinate to objects, including object tags, access control lists (ACLs), and metadata.

    Security and Encryption

    • Supports server-side encryption options: SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, and SSE-C.
    • Enables client-side encryption using customer-provided encryption keys.
    • Supports encryption and decryption of data in transit using SSL/TLS.

    Event Notifications

    • Supports event notifications for specific actions, such as PUTs, POSTs, COPYs, or DELETEs.
    • Enables notifications to be sent to Amazon SNS, Amazon SQS, or AWS Lambda.

    Metrics and Analytics

    • Supports Amazon S3 CloudWatch metrics for request and storage data.
    • Enables configuration of filters for metrics using a prefix or object tag.

    Cross-Region Replication

    • Automatically replicates data across AWS Regions with Cross-Region Replication (CRR).

    • Requires versioning to be enabled on both the source and destination buckets.

    • Supports automatic, asynchronous copying of objects between buckets in different regions.### Cross-Region Replication (CRR)

    • Source and destination buckets must be in different regions.

    • Replication is 1:1 (one source bucket to one destination bucket).

    • You can configure separate S3 Lifecycle rules on the source and destination buckets.

    • You can replicate KMS-encrypted objects by providing a destination KMS key in your replication configuration.

    • You can set up CRR across AWS accounts to store your replicated data in a different account in the target region.

    • To activate CRR, you need to configure the replication on the source bucket.

    • Replicas will be exact replicas and share the same key names and metadata.

    • You can specify a different storage class (by default, the source storage class will be used).

    • AWS S3 will encrypt data in-transit with SSL.

    Same Region Replication (SRR)

    • SRR allows you to replicate objects to a destination bucket within the same region as the source bucket.
    • Replication is automatic and asynchronous.
    • New objects uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket are configured for replication at the bucket, prefix, or object tag levels.
    • Replicated objects can be owned by the same AWS account as the original copy or by different accounts, to protect from accidental deletion.
    • Replication can be to any Amazon S3 storage class, including S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive to create backups and long-term archives.

    S3 Analytics

    • S3 Analytics allows you to run analytics on data stored on Amazon S3.
    • This includes data lakes, IoT streaming data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.
    • You can use S3 Inventory to audit and report on the replication and encryption status of your objects for business, compliance, and regulatory needs.

    S3 Inventory

    • S3 Inventory provides comma-separated values (CSV), Apache optimized row columnar (ORC) or Apache Parquet (Parquet) output files that list your objects and their corresponding metadata on a daily or weekly basis for an S3 bucket or a shared prefix.
    • You can use S3 Inventory to audit and report on the replication and encryption status of your objects for business, compliance, and regulatory needs.

    Monitoring and Reporting

    • Amazon CloudWatch metrics for Amazon S3 can help you understand and improve the performance of applications that use Amazon S3.
    • You can use CloudWatch with Amazon S3 to monitor and report on performance.

    Logging and Auditing

    • You can record the actions taken by users, roles, or AWS services on Amazon S3 resources and maintain log records for auditing and compliance purposes.
    • You can use Amazon S3 server access logging, AWS CloudTrail logs, or a combination of both to log and audit actions on Amazon S3 resources.

    S3 Performance Guidelines

    • Measure Performance: Look at network throughput, CPU, and DRAM requirements when optimizing performance.
    • Scale Storage Connections Horizontally: Issue multiple concurrent requests to Amazon S3 and spread them over separate connections to maximize the accessible bandwidth from Amazon S3.
    • Use Byte-Range Fetches: Fetch a byte-range from an object using the Range HTTP header in a GET Object request to achieve higher aggregate throughput.
    • Retry Requests for Latency-Sensitive Applications: Aggressive timeouts and retries help drive consistent latency.
    • Combine Amazon S3 (Storage) and Amazon EC2 (Compute) in the Same AWS Region: Access the bucket from Amazon EC2 instances in the same AWS Region when possible to reduce network latency and data transfer costs.
    • Use Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration to Minimize Latency Caused by Distance: Use Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration to minimize latency caused by distance between the client and an S3 bucket.

    Glacier

    • Glacier is an archiving storage solution for infrequently accessed data.
    • There are three storage tiers: S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval, S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval (Formerly S3 Glacier), and Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive (S3 Glacier Deep Archive).
    • The key difference between the top tiers is that Deep Archive is lower cost, but retrieval times are much longer (12 hours).
    • Archived objects are not available for real-time access, and you need to submit a retrieval request.
    • Glacier must complete a job before you can get its output.
    • Requested archival data is copied to S3 One Zone-IA.
    • Following retrieval, you have 24 hours to download your data.
    • You cannot specify Glacier as the storage class at the time you create an object.
    • Glacier is designed to sustain the loss of two facilities.
    • Glacier automatically encrypts data at rest using AES 256 symmetric keys and supports secure transfer of data over SSL.
    • Glacier may not be available in all AWS regions.
    • Glacier objects are visible through S3 only (not Glacier directly).
    • Glacier does not archive object metadata; you need to maintain a client-side database to maintain this information.
    • Archives can be 1 byte up to 40TB.
    • Glacier file archives of 1 byte – 4 GB can be performed in a single operation.
    • Glacier file archives from 100MB up to 40TB can be uploaded to Glacier using the multipart upload API.
    • Uploading archives is synchronous, and downloading archives is asynchronous.
    • The contents of an archive that has been uploaded cannot be modified.
    • You can upload data to Glacier using the CLI, SDKs, or APIs – you cannot use the AWS Console.
    • Glacier adds 32-40KB (indexing and archive metadata) to each object when transitioning from other classes using lifecycle policies.
    • AWS recommends that if you have lots of small objects, they are combined in an archive (e.g., zip file) before uploading.
    • A description can be added to archives, but no other metadata can be added.
    • Glacier archive IDs are added upon upload and are unique for each upload.

    Archive Retrieval

    • You can retrieve parts of an archive.
    • When data is retrieved, it is copied to S3, and the archive remains in Glacier, and the storage class does not change.
    • AWS SNS can send notifications when retrieval jobs are complete.
    • Retrieved data is available for 24 hours by default (can be changed).
    • To retrieve specific objects within an archive, you can specify the byte range (Range) in the HTTP GET request (need to maintain a DB of byte ranges).

    Glacier Charges

    • There is no charge for data transfer between EC2 and Glacier in the same region.
    • There is a charge if you delete data within 90 days.
    • When you restore, you pay for:

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    Assess your knowledge of Amazon S3 features and concepts, including CloudFront edge locations, data storage, bucket limits, CORS headers, and storage classes.

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