Podcast
Questions and Answers
How can RNA act as a thermosensor and regulate its own translation?
How can RNA act as a thermosensor and regulate its own translation?
- Leader sequences in the 5’UTR can stall the ribosome and allow the pre-emptor loop to form.
- Certain stem-loop structures will be more unstable at higher temperatures and unfold to reveal Shine-Delgarno sequences. (correct)
- RNA can be bound by attenuation proteins and stop its transcription.
- It is recruited by phosphorylation of the S6 protein in ribosomes.
Would removing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence from an mRNA affect eukaryotic translation?
Would removing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence from an mRNA affect eukaryotic translation?
- Yes, the initiator tRNA would not be able to bind the A site.
- No, because eukaryotic translation uses elongation factors to assemble the ribosome.
- Yes, the small subunit would not bind.
- No, eukaryotic translation relies on their cap structure to assemble the ribosome and find the first AUG, not a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. (correct)
Bacteria can transcribe and translate the same mRNA; why can this NOT happen in eukaryotes?
Bacteria can transcribe and translate the same mRNA; why can this NOT happen in eukaryotes?
- This happens all the time in eukaryotes
- mRNA is in the nucleus while ribosomes are in the nucleolus.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and ribosomes are too big to be on the same piece of mRNA at the same time.
- mRNAs are transcribed and processed in the nucleus, while translation only occurs in the cytoplasm. (correct)
The specificity of an enzyme for its substrate is determined by all of the following except
The specificity of an enzyme for its substrate is determined by all of the following except
Where are hydrophobic residues likely to be found in a cytoplasmic (non-membrane) protein?
Where are hydrophobic residues likely to be found in a cytoplasmic (non-membrane) protein?
Protein secondary structure is the result of
Protein secondary structure is the result of
A Western Blot uses an antibody to detect a specific protein. How does an antibody recognize a protein?
A Western Blot uses an antibody to detect a specific protein. How does an antibody recognize a protein?
When separating proteins using SDS-PAGE (PAGE=polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), why do we use SDS?
When separating proteins using SDS-PAGE (PAGE=polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), why do we use SDS?
Co-immunoprecipitation is used to
Co-immunoprecipitation is used to
In yeast 2-hybrid screening, the interaction between the “bait” and “prey” proteins
In yeast 2-hybrid screening, the interaction between the “bait” and “prey” proteins
In prokaryotic transcription, cells may use default sigma factors or alternative sigma factors at the promoter. Do cells use alternative sigma factors all the time for all of their transcription?
In prokaryotic transcription, cells may use default sigma factors or alternative sigma factors at the promoter. Do cells use alternative sigma factors all the time for all of their transcription?
All of the following are examples of where the cell can regulate at the transcriptional level EXCEPT
All of the following are examples of where the cell can regulate at the transcriptional level EXCEPT
For an operon, turning on transcription at the promoter
For an operon, turning on transcription at the promoter
Which of the following is FALSE for a repressor?
Which of the following is FALSE for a repressor?
Euchromatin
Euchromatin
Sliding of nucleosomes on DNA
Sliding of nucleosomes on DNA
A triplet of three nucleotides found on the mRNA that codes for an amino acid is the
A triplet of three nucleotides found on the mRNA that codes for an amino acid is the
In translation, release factors
In translation, release factors
All of the following are required for translation EXCEPT
All of the following are required for translation EXCEPT
During translation, elongation factors, like EF-G, can
During translation, elongation factors, like EF-G, can
Would removing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence from an mRNA affect eukaryotic prokaryotic translation?
Would removing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence from an mRNA affect eukaryotic prokaryotic translation?
What information does MALDI-TOF o r electrospray mass spectroscopy give us about a protein?
What information does MALDI-TOF o r electrospray mass spectroscopy give us about a protein?
Metal ions and cofactors
Metal ions and cofactors
Leucine residues within leucine zipper motifs
Leucine residues within leucine zipper motifs
In an a-helix (alpha-helix), where are the R-groups located?
In an a-helix (alpha-helix), where are the R-groups located?
Crp binds upstream of the RNA polymerase in the regulatory region of the lac operon. Based on where it binds in the regulatory region, it is most likely to
Crp binds upstream of the RNA polymerase in the regulatory region of the lac operon. Based on where it binds in the regulatory region, it is most likely to
Using phage display, researchers can
Using phage display, researchers can
What is the benefit of expressing your protein of interest with a protein tag, like FLAG- or His-tag?
What is the benefit of expressing your protein of interest with a protein tag, like FLAG- or His-tag?
How are polyacrylamide gels and column chromatography similar to each other?
How are polyacrylamide gels and column chromatography similar to each other?
Which of the following is an example of positive regulation of prokaryotic transcription?
Which of the following is an example of positive regulation of prokaryotic transcription?
Global regulators of transcription
Global regulators of transcription
When there is an excess of the amino acid arginine, it acts as a co-repressor when it binds to the Arg R repressor. What does the arginine-Arg R repressor complex do next?
When there is an excess of the amino acid arginine, it acts as a co-repressor when it binds to the Arg R repressor. What does the arginine-Arg R repressor complex do next?
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells tends to be more complicated than it is in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic repressors rarely just bind DNA and block the polymerase from binding. Which of the following is an example of negative regulation in eukaryotes?
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells tends to be more complicated than it is in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic repressors rarely just bind DNA and block the polymerase from binding. Which of the following is an example of negative regulation in eukaryotes?
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin
Methylation can have different effects depending on when and what is being methylated. If an insulator region is methylated and insulators no longer bind DNA,
Methylation can have different effects depending on when and what is being methylated. If an insulator region is methylated and insulators no longer bind DNA,
Histones can be modified by adding different chemical groups to amino acid residues in their N-terminal regions. Acetylation of histones tends to
Histones can be modified by adding different chemical groups to amino acid residues in their N-terminal regions. Acetylation of histones tends to
CG islands are found in DNA and are usually the target of methylases. Would you expect osteocytes (bone cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells) to have the same genes methylated?
CG islands are found in DNA and are usually the target of methylases. Would you expect osteocytes (bone cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells) to have the same genes methylated?
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
What is found in the CRISPR locus?
What is found in the CRISPR locus?
Enhancers
Enhancers
Ferritin mRNA has a stem-loop structure that is bound by the iron-regulatory protein, which blocks the production of ferritin. This is an example of
Ferritin mRNA has a stem-loop structure that is bound by the iron-regulatory protein, which blocks the production of ferritin. This is an example of
When cells are given the signal to grow, the S6 protein on the small subunit of the ribosome can be phosphorylated. This leads to
When cells are given the signal to grow, the S6 protein on the small subunit of the ribosome can be phosphorylated. This leads to
How can RNA act as a thermosensor and regulate its own translation?
How can RNA act as a thermosensor and regulate its own translation?
What effect does antisense RNA have on translation of its mRNA?
What effect does antisense RNA have on translation of its mRNA?
In one mechanism of transcription attenuation, the ribosome moves through the leader region of the mRNA quickly, a terminator loop forms, and transcription stops. Could this same regulatory mechanism be at work in eukaryotes?
In one mechanism of transcription attenuation, the ribosome moves through the leader region of the mRNA quickly, a terminator loop forms, and transcription stops. Could this same regulatory mechanism be at work in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is an example of a translational activator?
Which of the following is an example of a translational activator?
CrA stabilizing some mRNAs while triggering the destruction of others is an example of
CrA stabilizing some mRNAs while triggering the destruction of others is an example of
Riboswitches can alternate between forming pre-emptor stem loops or terminator stem loops. What
causes the switch between the two forms?
Riboswitches can alternate between forming pre-emptor stem loops or terminator stem loops. What causes the switch between the two forms?
Unlike proteins that have only a single subunit, a protein that is composed of multiple subunits has:
Unlike proteins that have only a single subunit, a protein that is composed of multiple subunits has:
Where are hydrophilic residues likely to be found in a cytoplasmic (non-membrane) protein?
Where are hydrophilic residues likely to be found in a cytoplasmic (non-membrane) protein?
An enzyme is denatured when:
An enzyme is denatured when:
If hydrogen bonds are critical for secondary structure, what can stabilize tertiary structure?
If hydrogen bonds are critical for secondary structure, what can stabilize tertiary structure?
The first level of protein (primary) structure begins with having
The first level of protein (primary) structure begins with having
Allosteric enzymes are regulated by:
Allosteric enzymes are regulated by:
What is the proteome?
What is the proteome?
For an operon, turning on transcription at the promoter
For an operon, turning on transcription at the promoter
The regulatory region of the Lac operon has an upstream activator site that binds Crp and an operator that binds lac repressor. If both Crp and lac repressor are bound, what happens to transcription of the downstream genes?
The regulatory region of the Lac operon has an upstream activator site that binds Crp and an operator that binds lac repressor. If both Crp and lac repressor are bound, what happens to transcription of the downstream genes?
In eukaryotic transcription, the mediator complex
In eukaryotic transcription, the mediator complex
Sometimes, prokaryotic mRNAs are processed, too. AdhE mRNA needs to be cleaved before it
can be translated - why?
Sometimes, prokaryotic mRNAs are processed, too. AdhE mRNA needs to be cleaved before it can be translated - why?
Non-coding RNA functions in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
Non-coding RNA functions in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
What best describes how circRNAs form?
What best describes how circRNAs form?
What RNA can act as a transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and get stuck ribosomes 'unstuck'?
What RNA can act as a transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and get stuck ribosomes 'unstuck'?
In prokaryotes, small regulatory RNAs (sNAs) like RyhB and anti-bfr hybridize with the 5' end of
their target mRNA sequences, which
In prokaryotes, small regulatory RNAs (sNAs) like RyhB and anti-bfr hybridize with the 5' end of their target mRNA sequences, which
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are examples of ribozymes that
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are examples of ribozymes that
A protective mechanism in eukaryotic cells that destroys mRNA with the same sequence as dRNA is
A protective mechanism in eukaryotic cells that destroys mRNA with the same sequence as dRNA is
Which long non-coding RNA is correctly matched with its function?
Which long non-coding RNA is correctly matched with its function?
Where do miRNAs come from?
Where do miRNAs come from?
Cas9 does not have nuclease activity, but can still affect gene expression. How?
Cas9 does not have nuclease activity, but can still affect gene expression. How?
When methylases add methyl groups to CG islands in DNA, this can block transcription factors from binding DNA, but it can provide the scaffold for bringing in histone deacetylases (HDACs). Once on DNA, what do HDACs do?
When methylases add methyl groups to CG islands in DNA, this can block transcription factors from binding DNA, but it can provide the scaffold for bringing in histone deacetylases (HDACs). Once on DNA, what do HDACs do?
How does siRNA and miRNA binding differ, and what outcome does that have on its target sequence?
How does siRNA and miRNA binding differ, and what outcome does that have on its target sequence?
The nuclease that cleaves dRNA into fragments is:
The nuclease that cleaves dRNA into fragments is:
How does a Class 2 CRISPR mechanism differ from Class 1 mechanism?
How does a Class 2 CRISPR mechanism differ from Class 1 mechanism?
How does the RISC complex know which RNA sequences to target?
How does the RISC complex know which RNA sequences to target?
Flashcards
Capital of France (example flashcard)
Capital of France (example flashcard)
Paris
