AVO Attributes Calculation Quiz

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

NMO correction = Correction of seismic traces to match reflection arrival times Residual NMO = Distortion of AVO response due to inaccurate velocity analysis Interference effects = Caused by reverberations or 'multiples' in seismic wavefield Noise attenuation techniques = Methods to effectively reduce interference with primary amplitudes

Match the following effects with their impact on seismic data processing:

Attenuation and dispersion = Changes in amplitude due to wave spreading or subsurface interactions NMO stretch = Broadening of wavelet shape at further offsets Correctly focusing and positioning = Achieving desired primary signal while correcting for noise Tuning effects = Can cause interference in the primary wavefield

Match the following statements with their correct explanation:

Residual NMO correction requires denser velocity analysis = To reduce the impact of distorted AVO response Reverberations and multiples cause interference in wavefield = Resulting from interactions with subsurface interfaces Processing techniques aim to preserve primary amplitudes = While effectively attenuating noise Migration step corrects for moveout in data processing = By aligning events across a gather

Match the following terms with their roles in seismic data preparation:

AVO analysis = Qualitative tool used to detect anomalies Migration step = Corrects moveout and aligns events in data processing Calculation of Intercept and Gradient = Extraction of seismic amplitudes for analysis Residual Moveout correction = Addresses distortion of offset-dependent reflectivity Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic processing issues with their corresponding solutions:

Noise removal = Denoising techniques NMO correction = Time variant corrections Trace Muting = Elimination of bad traces Amplitude preservation = True-amplitude processing Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors affecting seismic amplitudes with their categories:

Wave propagation effects = Geologic effects Acquisition effects = Noise effects Processing artifacts = Impact on AVO analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the processing requirements for AVO analysis with their objectives:

Estimate and remove energy losses = Preserve seismic wave amplitudes Remove noise effects = Ensure data accuracy Avoid processing artifacts = Maintain data integrity Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of phenomena distorting seismic amplitudes with their descriptions:

Wave propagation and geologic effects = Natural seismic wave behavior Acquisition and noise effects = External interference during data collection Processing artifacts = Errors introduced during data processing Signup and view all the answers

Match the key learning objectives in the module with their descriptions:

Review factors affecting seismic amplitudes = Understand variables influencing seismic data Discuss processing related issues = Analyze challenges in seismic data manipulation Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to amplitude-controlled processing with their definitions:

Amplitude-preserved processing = Techniques maintaining original signal strength True-amplitude processing = Methods ensuring accurate amplitude representation Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic data processing term with its corresponding description:

Residual moveout = Addressed to make events flatter Ground roll = Has very high amplitude and low velocity NMO stretching = Affects offset-dependent reflectivity Trace Mute = Limits influence of long offset traces for optimum stack Signup and view all the answers

Match the AVO analysis consideration with its description:

Energy losses removal = Part of seismic-data processing for AVO analysis Noise effects removal = Part of seismic-data processing for AVO analysis Near surface effects removal = Part of seismic-data processing for AVO analysis Avoid processing-related artifacts = Part of seismic-data processing for AVO analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the AVO analysis issue with its description:

Residual NMO = Distorts offset-dependent reflectivity NMO stretching = Distorts offset-dependent reflectivity Noise removal effect = Can lead to distortion of AVO response Muting in traditional processing = May restrict maximum range of angle used in AVO analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the amplitude vs angle plot feature with its description:

Great variability in amplitudes = Seen before post-imaging processing Consistent plots after processing = Seen after post-imaging processing Class 3 AVO response mismatch = Observed in near and middle angle range Synthetic AVO response mismatch = Observed in near and middle angle range Signup and view all the answers

Match the purpose of Trace Mute with its description:

Limit influence of long offset traces = For producing optimum stack Deals with high amplitude noise = In traditional processing Deals with NMO related issues = In traditional processing Recommended for AVO analysis muting = Should be done separately from stack generation Signup and view all the answers

Match the ground roll issue with its description:

High amplitude and low velocity = Characteristics of ground roll Distorts near-offset traces = May cause false AVO interpretation Significant decrease in primary amplitudes = Result of aggressive ground roll removal Restricts range of offsets or angles for AVO analysis = May be caused by ground roll Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

AVO intercept = Measures the zero-offset response AVO gradient = Measures the rate of change of amplitudes with offset Higher order moveout = Incorporates 4th order NMO term related to anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity Conventional Trim Statics = Calculates a single time shift for each trace in a gather to align traces within a time window Signup and view all the answers

Match the following practices with their descriptions:

Gather flattening using NMO = Constrained by the Normal Moveout equation Conventional Trim Statics = Limited to their calculation windows, making it difficult to align separated events Time-Variant Trim Statics = Performs cross-correlation calculation over smaller, overlapping windows and interpolates the shifts Trim Statics - Strengths and Weaknesses = Simple and fast to apply, but may result in unrealistic shifts due to lack of physical model Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their correct explanations:

Correct velocity for NMO correction = Results in flat gathers with correct amplitude and phase for AVO intercept and gradient Incorrect velocity for NMO correction = Causes non-flat gathers and incorrect amplitude extraction at peak of wavelets Two term NMO application = Refers to applying the first 2 terms of the NMO equation defined by Tsvankin and Thompsen 4th order NMO term = Related to anisotropy and/or velocity heterogeneity, raises velocity to the 4th power Signup and view all the answers

Match the following visualization examples with their interpretations:

Comparison between 2-term and higher term NMO curves = Shows variations from -20 ms to +50 ms, with greatest deviation at far offsets Example from Ross illustrating higher order move-out effect = Shows how higher order correction produces flatter gathers compared to two term NMO Impact of higher order move-out terms on seismic events = Includes a 4th order NMO term related to anisotropy and velocity heterogeneity Difference in events alignment before and after trim statics application = Highlights how trim statics can improve alignment within analysis window but may not address events outside of it Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic processing term with its description:

NMO Stretch = Time variant stretch functions leading to frequency distortion SuperGather = Tool for reducing random noise and preserving offset-dependent amplitude variations AVO Analysis = Methodology to analyze seismic data for amplitude variations with offset Ground Roll = Strong linear noise energy affecting near offsets Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic data issue with its description:

Trim Statics = Subject to quality control and considered in the context of AVO class type Random Noise = Described as anything not considered useful signal, can be reduced by forming SuperGathers Coherent Noise = Includes multiple energy causing amplitude effects varying with offset Anomalous AVO Gradients = Obscured by conventional NMO correction, can be removed by addressing NMO stretch Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic processing step with its purpose:

NMO Correction = Stretches traces as a function of time and offset to prevent frequency distortion Noise Attenuation = Removes unwanted noise to improve Signal-to-Noise ratio Stacking = Combines seismic traces to enhance signal clarity Imaging = Post processing step after which additional multiple attenuation may be applied Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic event with its impact on AVO analysis:

Far Offset Muting = Restricts range of angles and increases error in estimated AVO attributes Ground Roll Amplitude Distortion = Affects near offsets and interferes with primary AVO measurement Amplitude Effect from Multiples = Varies with offset and affects the amplitude of primary signal events Anomalous AVO Gradients = Indicates anomalies that can affect resolution of stack Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic processing tool with its effect on structural variations:

SuperGather = Reduces random noise and preserves offset-dependent amplitude variations NMO Stretch Correction = Attempts to remove effect of NMO stretch to improve seismic data quality Multiple Attenuation = Minimizes impact of multiples on AVO analysis results AVO Analysis Tool = Analyzes amplitude variations with offset to extract geological information Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic data type with its characteristics:

Supergathers = Formed by stacking adjacent gathers in a spatial configuration to reduce random noise Gradient Section = Illustrates AVO results before and after addressing NMO stretch effect CMP Gather = Shows predicted AVO response before post-imaging processing Forward Modeled Gather = Synthetic representation showing expected AVO behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic workflow step with its goal:

Far Offset Muting Application = Prevents lower frequency events from affecting stack resolution NMO Stretch Addressing Methodologies = Aim to keep information from far offsets and mitigate NMO distortion Multiple Attenuation Procedure = Reduces impact of interfering energy on primary signal amplitude AVO Analysis Limitations Mitigation Process = Seeks to expand range of angles and reduce error in estimated AVO attributes Signup and view all the answers

Match the noise type with its impact on seismic data analysis:

Random Noise = Can be reduced by forming SuperGathers to improve Signal-to-Noise ratio Coherent Noise = Includes energy causing interference that varies with offset, impacting AVO analysis Linear Noise Energy (Ground Roll) = Affects near offsets and interferes with primary signal, impacting true AVO measurement Incoherent Noise = Obscures flat seismic events and needs to be removed for clarity in analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic attribute with its definition:

AVO Attributes = Quantities derived from the Amplitude Variation with Offset analysis. NMO Stretch Function = Time variant stretch functions leading to frequency distortion. Stack Resolution = The level of detail or clarity in a stacked seismic image. Amplitude Effect from Multiples = Varying amplitude impact caused by multiple reflections. Signup and view all the answers

Match the seismic concept with its impact on data interpretation:

Trim Statics Quality Control = Ensures accurate interpretation considering expected AVO class type. SuperGather Preservation = Maintains offset-dependent amplitude variations while reducing noise. Ground Roll Interference = Affects near offsets, impacting true primary AVO measurement. Anomalous AVO Gradients Removal = Eliminates anomalies that can affect stack resolution. Signup and view all the answers