Aviation Maintenance: Propellers & Systems (Module 17A)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a primary consideration in the design of a propeller?

  • Number of bolts
  • Hub finish
  • Paint color
  • Blade weight (correct)

What factor necessitates the twist in a propeller blade design?

  • The need to standardize manufacturing processes
  • The reduction in drag at the blade tip.
  • To equally distribute thrust and drag forces
  • Differences in velocity along the blade span (correct)

If the engine speed is held constant and airspeed increases, what happens to the angle of attack on a fixed-pitch propeller?

  • It decreases. (correct)
  • It remains the same.
  • It increases.
  • It oscillates randomly.

In a multi-engine aircraft, what is the purpose of feathering the propeller?

<p>To reduce drag in the event of an engine failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a propeller distinguishes a reverse-pitch propeller from other types?

<p>The ability to produce thrust in the opposite direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force is most dominant on the propeller?

<p>Centrifugal force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does aerodynamic twisting moment (ATM) tend to do to propeller blades?

<p>Rotate the blades to a high blade angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of raising the nose of an airplane in flight on thrust?

<p>It produces asymmetrical thrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of setting the engine of a wooden propeller in a horizontal position when it is inactive for a long period?

<p>Balance water content between the blades to prevent migration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When installing a wooden propeller, what is a crucial aspect to consider regarding torque?

<p>Strict adherence to torque procedures to prevent wood crushing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a test club propeller have in recipricating engine testing?

<p>Provide a correct amount of load during testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a constant-propeller system offer over the pilot changing blade-pitch?

<p>Automatic pitch adjustment by a governor according to the propeller (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is torque bending force best described?

<p>As resulting from air resistance to blade direction of rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of turboprop technology?

<p>Maintains constant speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following removal, what does the installation of a constant speed require to its surface?

<p>Fastener of the spinner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can propeller damage be detected, as far as surface imperfections are concerned?

<p>Though touch of the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding multi engine crafts, following an engine loss, what can be done in addition toward steering or safe flight?

<p>Feathering the propellers only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During maintenance, what is the importance of checking the rotation plane and the horizontal nature of propeller and engines?

<p>To ensure no damage occurs to surrounding objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A propeller that is tested for and is designed for higher engine performance and greater production of pressure is known as what?

<p>Test-club propeller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can multi engine aircraft be expected to have propellers that can be feathered?

<p>To sustain altitude (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During maintenance during flight, what element would be used with the engines to establish balance

<p>Propeller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can the measurements be inspected to adhere to their strict nature?

<p>Through using written data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following application, what is the best practice toward wooden composition?

<p>Spindle mounting and balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concerning a wooden propeller and water, what is ideal in addition to varnish?

<p>Position horizontally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding flight, at which point can the propeller blade be twisted slightly for some variation?

<p>At repair service (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is force applied to steel during maintenance?

<p>At blade retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of airspeed, what does the angle show regarding composite materials?

<p>The degree of tension for the subject (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By which metric are six-inch segments are marked?

<p>By stations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes a fixed pitch tractor propeller ideal?

<p>If operated at a constant engine and speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outside of engine speed, what factors are needed to make a working propeller efficient?

<p>Using governors to increase and decrease speeds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adjusted when using a level that connects to its engine?

<p>The pressure of the engine's speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of high and low, what is an inverse setup?

<p>If speed has the opposite spring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having an equal amount of mechanical forces throughout the speeder?

<p>A consistent condition and maintenance of rpm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond its normal operation, what speed can reduce drag and be turned at 90 degrees?

<p>Feather (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regards to pressure, how can propellers be moved?

<p>Both to and from engines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When used to operate equipment, what is the point of using a electrical switch?

<p>So the component may be used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During adjustments for constant use of power, how is the operation to be realigned with its source?

<p>By manually operating and turning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the rotation power from certain engines obtained?

<p>Two shafts which rotate in opposite order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aircraft receive greater safety from power to a flight system, even in cases of inoperability?

<p>Feather the system to the blade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from blades how are propellers tested to adhere to their standards?

<p>With the propeller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are surface area checked of cracks?

<p>Check by a blacklight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a similar item added to the air plane to provide a steady flow?

<p>A gear pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is used when performing overhauls of a high-altitude propeller?

<p>Cadmium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is required on a multiengine aircraft if an engine is no longer producing proper thrust?

<p>Feather the propeller to minimize drag. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of the center of pressure being closer to the leading edge?

<p>The need to move the blades to a higher pitch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is occurring when the pilot in a cockpit adjusts the lever?

<p>Adjusting the tension being placed on the governor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally the maximum amount of allowable adjustment required for a propeller following the adjustment process for balance?

<p>Five percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having a propeller's surface cleaned of grease?

<p>A closer inspection can be provided. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a propeller?

Component that transforms rotary engine power into thrust.

What is propeller design?

The science of designing efficient airfoils.

What does a propeller allow an engine?

To turn at correct RPM, with proper blade angle.

What is blade angle?

The angle between a blade section and the plane of rotation.

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What is thrust?

The force produced by pushing air and the speed of movement.

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What is geometric pitch?

Distance a propeller should advance in one revolution with no slip.

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What is propeller slip?

Difference between geometric pitch and the effective pitch.

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What is centrifugal force?

Tends to pull rotating propeller blades out of the hub.

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What is torque bending force?

Bends the propeller blades in the direction opposite of rotation.

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What is centrifugal twisting moment (CTM)?

Reduces pitch due to centrifugal force on a rotating propeller.

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What is aerodynamic twisting moment (ATM)?

Rotates the propeller blades to a high angle, increasing pitch.

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What is P-Factor?

Occurs when thrust isn't uniform between ascending and descending blades.

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What is slipstream in action?

Rotating air mass strikes vertical fin.

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What do flight controls do in torque?

Used to compensate for the torque generated by the engine and propeller combination.

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What is gyroscopic precession?

The response of a gyroscope, resulting in action 90° from the input.

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What is vibration in propellers?

The flexing of propellers is in harmonic motion, is often near the tip of the propeller.

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What are laminated wood blades?

Propellers made from pieces of wood, glued together.

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What does a wood propeller have?

Has small holes near blade tip to allow moisture to drain.

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What is the job of metal tipping?

Prevents wear during landing by taking damage

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What is tapered shanks torquing?

It is used to tightly secure hubs that might crush the wood.

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Name 4 propeller construction facts.

Blade station, construction materials, spinner installation, hub

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What is the goal for steel propeller blades?

Is to minimize weight while maximizing strength.

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What makes up Composite Propellers?

Fiber material and the matrix.

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What is blade shapes role with airspeeds?

Varies across the span related largely to airspeed.

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What is the name of the surface of the propeller known as?

The side containing the camber or curvature.

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What is fixed-pitch propeller?

Cannot be changed after propeller is built.

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What is a ground adjustable propeller?

Pitch or blade angle can only be changed when the propeller is not turning.

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What is a controllable pitch propeller?

Permits a change of blade pitch.

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What is a constant speed propeller?

Propellers that maintain a constant rpm.

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What is a feathering propeller?

Used on multi-engine aircraft to minimize propeller drag.

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What is a reverse pitch propeller?

Blade angles can be at negative value to slow aircraft.

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What is a tractor propeller?

Located on the upstream end of a prop.

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What is a pusher propeller?

Located on the downstream end of a prop shaft behind the supporting structure.

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What are contra-rotating propellers?

Mounted on two concentric shafts that rotate in opposite directions.

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What data gets a response from the propeller governor?

The propeller governor receives what to adjust the fluid?

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What does an HighPitch propeller do?

Blade counter weights. Also springs. Also pneumatic pressure

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How does and low pitch propeller work?

Governor oil pressure to cylinder. Also centrifugal twisting

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What is adjusted in a propeller to set it?

Speeder spring with cable adjusted.

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Where does a pilot get an underspeed?

Pilot is flying lower RPM than selected.

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Where does a feathering speed of oil will

They become parallel.

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Where are rpms established?

Inlet turbine temp is different not engine rpm.

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Which force adjusts the prop?

Oil pressure from the governor.

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What are feathering propeller's?

Prevent propeller drag if engine quits.

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What's multi prop synch?

Prop rpm between a master and at least one slave prop.

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Study Notes

Module Overview

  • This module (17A) covers propellers and propeller systems for Level B-1 certification in Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series.
  • It is compliant with EASA Part 66/147.
  • Topics include fundamentals, construction, pitch control, synchronizing, ice protection, maintenance, storage and preservation.

Certification and Scope

  • Suitable knowledge and experience for EASA certification is required in the chosen area.
  • Basic subjects for each aircraft maintenance license category are accomplished per a matrix.

Regulatory Compliance

  • The module information meets or exceeds the knowledge specified in EASA Regulation (EC) No. 1321/2014, Annex 1.

Numbering Standards

  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard is used for writing numbers.
  • Large numbers have a space between each group of 3 digits.

Measurement Units

  • The International System of Units (SI) is used for all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations.

Prefixes for SI units include

  • exa (E) for 10^18
  • peta (P) for 10^15
  • tera (T) for 10^12
  • giga (G) for 10^9
  • mega (M) for 10^6
  • kilo (k) for 10^3
  • hecto (h) for 10^2
  • deca (da) for 10^1
  • deci (d) for 10^-1
  • centi (c) for 10^-2
  • milli (m) for 10^-3
  • micro (µ) for 10^-6
  • nano (n) for 10^-9
  • pico (p) for 10^-12
  • femto (f) for 10^-15
  • atto (a) for 10^-18

Propeller Evolution and Importance

  • Propellers are the primary thrust source for aircraft ranging from basic to advanced.
  • Modern propellers have evolved from carved wooden blades to complex systems.
  • These complex systems adjust pitch, synchronize, and shed ice, handling tremendous turbine engine horsepower.

Module 17A Syllabus Highlights:

  • Sub-Module 01 (Fundamentals): Covers blade element theory, angles, propeller slip, forces, torque, airflow, vibration and resonance.
  • Sub-Module 02 (Propeller Construction): Covers materials, construction methods, blade stations, and propeller types.
  • Sub-Module 03 (Propeller Pitch Control): Covers speed control, pitch change methods, feathering, reverse pitch, and overspeed protection.
  • Sub-Module 04 (Propeller Synchronizing): Covers synchronizing and synchrophasing equipment.
  • Sub-Module 05 (Propeller Ice Protection): Covers fluid and electrical de-icing equipment.
  • Sub-Module 06 (Propeller Maintenance): Covers balancing, blade tracking, damage assessment, repair schemes and engine running.
  • Sub-Module 07 (Propeller Storage and Preservation): Covers preservation and depreservation.

Level Designations for Study

  • Level 1: Familiarization with the principal elements of the subject.
  • Level 2: General knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects with application ability

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