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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of applying full opposite rudder during a recovery from a spin?

  • To reduce the rate of rotation
  • To shift the center of gravity
  • To increase the rate of rotation
  • To stop the rotation and regain control (correct)

    • What type of drag decreases with higher airspeeds?

  • Parasite drag
  • Induced drag (correct)
  • Form drag
  • Friction drag

    • What is the primary benefit of flying above the preceding aircraft's flight path during takeoff and landing?

  • Reducing ground effect
  • Increasing thrust
  • Mitigating wake turbulence (correct)
  • Improving airspeed

    • What is the main function of the propeller in an aircraft?

    <p>To convert engine power into thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of left-leaning turning tendencies in single-engine aircraft?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the creation of lift in an aircraft?

    <p>The shape of the wing creates an area of lower pressure above the wing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Newton's Second Law, what is the relationship between force and acceleration?

    <p>Force is directly proportional to acceleration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stability does the Cessna 172 typically have?

    <p>Positive static and dynamic stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical angle of attack?

    <p>The angle at which the wing stalls and loses lift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>29.92 inHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the empennage?

    <p>To provide stability and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a stall not always occur at the same airspeed?

    <p>Because the angle of attack and flight conditions affect the stall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to recover from a stall?

    <p>Push the yoke forward to reduce the angle of attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flight instruments?

    <p>To provide critical flight information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a spin?

    <p>The aircraft descends in a corkscrew path with one wing more stalled than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of weight and arm?

    <p>Moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Relative Wind?

    <p>The direction of airflow relative to the wing or airfoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a wing or blade that generates lift?

    <p>Airfoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the aircraft without usable fuel?

    <p>Zero Fuel Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating pressure altitude?

    <p>To adjust the altimeter setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a forward center of gravity on an aircraft?

    <p>It increases stability but reduces maneuverability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the normal category of aircraft operations?

    <p>To provide for standard operations with limited maneuverability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pilot in command responsible for according to 91.3?

    <p>The overall operation of the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the windsock at an airport?

    <p>To indicate the wind direction and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a controlled and uncontrolled airport?

    <p>The presence or absence of a control tower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CTAF frequency?

    <p>To announce your position to other aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle behind lift creation on an aircraft wing?

    <p>Bernoulli's Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Newton's Laws of Motion states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force?

    <p>First Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of airflow relative to the wing or airfoil?

    <p>Relative Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical angle of attack?

    <p>The angle at which a wing stalls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a stall not always occur at the same airspeed?

    <p>Due to changes in weight and load factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a wing or blade that generates lift?

    <p>Airfoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a spin?

    <p>The aircraft descends in a corkscrew path with one wing more stalled than the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recovery procedure for a stall?

    <p>Push the yoke forward to reduce the angle of attack and add power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of applying full opposite rudder during a recovery from a spin?

    <p>To stop the rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drag increases with higher airspeeds?

    <p>Parasite drag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of flying above the preceding aircraft's flight path during takeoff and landing?

    <p>To avoid wake turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the propeller in an aircraft?

    <p>To generate thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the creation of lift in an aircraft?

    <p>Airfoil shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stability does the Cessna 172 typically have?

    <p>Positive static stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating pressure altitude?

    <p>To determine aircraft performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the empennage?

    <p>To provide stability and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flight instruments?

    <p>To provide crucial flight information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of weight and arm?

    <p>Moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the aircraft at the start of the takeoff?

    <p>Takeoff Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating density altitude?

    <p>To determine the aircraft's performance and air density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a heavier aircraft on its performance?

    <p>It requires more runway and reduces performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the utility category of aircraft operations?

    <p>For aerobatic maneuvers and higher performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of not accounting for fuel used during taxi in performance calculations?

    <p>Overestimation of fuel requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the preflight actions outlined in 91.103?

    <p>To ensure safety and regulatory compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the airport beacon lights?

    <p>To identify the airport at night or in low visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ATIS/AWOS/ASOS systems?

    <p>To provide weather information and airport advisories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure of a fluid as its speed increases, according to Bernoulli's Principle?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Newton's Laws of Motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass?

    <p>Second Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to induced drag when airspeed increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of waiting sufficient time between departures and landings?

    <p>To avoid wake turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the angle between the chord line of the wing and the direction of the relative wind?

    <p>Angle of Attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the wings of an aircraft?

    <p>To generate lift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the critical angle of attack is exceeded?

    <p>A stall occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to recover from a stall?

    <p>Reducing the angle of attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the altitude relative to the standard atmosphere pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury?

    <p>Pressure altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic motion of an aircraft during a spin?

    <p>Corkscrew path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electrical system in an aircraft?

    <p>To power avionics and electrical components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating density altitude?

    <p>To determine the aircraft's performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a wing or blade that generates lift?

    <p>Airfoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a stall does not always occur at the same airspeed?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brake system in an aircraft?

    <p>To slow down and stop the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the empennage?

    <p>To provide stability and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of weight and arm?

    <p>Moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flight instruments?

    <p>To provide crucial flight information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of calculating takeoff weight?

    <p>To ensure safety and efficient performance during takeoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an aft center of gravity on an aircraft's performance?

    <p>It decreases stability and improves performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between normal and utility categories of aircraft operations?

    <p>Utility category allows for aerobatic maneuvers, while normal category does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the windsock at an airport?

    <p>To indicate wind direction and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of accounting for fuel used during taxi in performance calculations?

    <p>It ensures accurate performance calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the preflight actions outlined in 91.103?

    <p>To ensure safety and efficiency during flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the airport beacon lights?

    <p>To help identify the airport at night or in low visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a heavier aircraft on its performance?

    <p>It increases the aircraft's runway requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    4 Forces of Flight

    • Lift is created by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an aircraft's wings due to their shape and angle of attack.
    • Bernoulli's Principle explains that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases, which helps us understand how faster airflow over the curved top surface of the wing creates lower pressure, generating lift.
    • Newton's 3 Laws of Motion:
      • First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
      • Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
      • Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

    Airfoil and Angles

    • Airfoil: The shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine) that generates lift.
    • Relative Wind: The direction of airflow relative to the wing or airfoil.
    • Angle of Attack (AOA): The angle between the chord line of the wing and the direction of the relative wind.
    • Critical AOA: The angle of attack at which a wing stalls because the airflow can no longer adhere to the upper surface.

    Stalls and Spins

    • Stalls are created when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, causing a loss of lift.
    • Stalls can happen during high angles of attack, such as in sharp turns, slow flight, or excessive nose-up attitudes.
    • Recovery from a stall involves reducing the angle of attack by pushing the yoke forward and adding power to regain lift and control.
    • In a spin, the aircraft descends in a corkscrew path with one wing more stalled than the other.
    • Recovery from a spin involves reducing power to idle, neutralizing ailerons, applying full opposite rudder to stop the rotation, and pushing the yoke forward to break the stall.

    Drag and Ground Effect

    • Induced Drag: Caused by the generation of lift, decreases with higher airspeeds.
    • Parasite Drag: Caused by the aircraft's shape and surface friction, increases with higher airspeeds.
    • Ground Effect: Occurs when an aircraft is within one wingspan of the ground, reducing induced drag and increasing lift.

    Thrust and Wake Turbulence

    • Thrust is created by engines generating a force that propels the aircraft forward.
    • Propeller works by converting engine power into thrust through its rotating blades.
    • Wake Turbulence: Caused by the wingtip vortices of a preceding aircraft.
    • Mitigation involves waiting sufficient time between departures and landings and staying above the preceding aircraft's flight path.

    Left-Leaning Turning Tendencies

    • Left-leaning turning tendencies in single-engine aircraft include P-factor, torque, gyroscopic precession, and spiraling slipstream effects, causing the aircraft to yaw to the left.

    Stability

    • Static Stability: The aircraft's initial response to a disturbance.
    • Dynamic Stability: The aircraft's response over time to a disturbance.
    • The Cessna 172 (C172) typically has positive static and dynamic stability, meaning it tends to return to its original attitude after a disturbance.

    Aerodynamics

    Pressure and Density Altitudes

    • Pressure Altitude: The altitude relative to the standard atmosphere pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg).
    • Density Altitude: Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
    • High density altitude reduces aircraft performance due to lower air density, affecting lift, engine power, and propeller efficiency.

    Aircraft Systems & Limitations

    3 Axis of Operation

    • Longitudinal (Roll): Controlled by ailerons.
    • Lateral (Pitch): Controlled by the elevator.
    • Vertical (Yaw): Controlled by the rudder.

    Major Aircraft Components

    • Wings: Generate lift.
    • Powerplant: Provides thrust (engine and propeller).
    • Propeller: Converts engine power into thrust.
    • Empennage: Provides stability and control (tail section).
    • Fuselage: The main body, housing passengers, cargo, and fuel.
    • Landing Gear: Supports the aircraft during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.

    Flight Instruments

    • Instruments like the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and attitude indicator provide crucial flight information.

    Weight and Balance

    • Weight: The force due to gravity on the aircraft.
    • Arm: The distance from a reference point to the center of gravity of an object.
    • Moment: The product of weight and arm.

    Performance Calculations

    • Calculate ground roll, rate of climb (ROC), takeoff distance, etc., using aircraft performance charts.
    • Calculate less taxi fuel by subtracting fuel used during taxi from total fuel.
    • Calculate pressure altitude using altimeter setting adjustments.
    • Calculate density altitude using pressure altitude and temperature.

    Effect of Weight and CG

    • Heavier aircraft require more runway and have reduced performance.
    • Forward CG increases stability but reduces maneuverability.
    • Aft CG decreases stability but improves performance.

    Importance of W&B and Performance Calculations

    • Ensures safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance.

    Aircraft Operations

    Preflight Actions

    • Preflight actions for flight must include: Notams, Weather, Known ATC delays, Runway lengths, Alternatives, Fuel requirements, and Takeoff/landing distances.

    PIC Responsibility

    • The pilot in command is directly responsible for and has the final authority over the operation of the aircraft.

    Airport Operations

    Chart Supplement and Sectional

    • Used for navigation and airport information.

    Taxiway/Airport/Runway Signs and Lights

    • Recognize and interpret signs and lights for safe navigation on the ground.

    Airport Beacon Lights

    • Help identify the airport at night or in low visibility.

    Lost Comms

    • Follow established procedures for lost communications, including tower light gun signals.

    Windsock

    • Indicates wind direction and strength.

    Wind Direction for T/O and Landing

    • Use into-the-wind for takeoff and landing to maximize performance and safety.

    Traffic Pattern Ops

    • Enter/exit the pattern properly, follow the standard left-hand pattern unless otherwise specified.

    Uncontrolled vs Controlled

    • Differentiate between uncontrolled (no control tower) and controlled (with control tower) airports.

    CTAF

    • Common Traffic Advisory Frequency used at non-towered airports.

    ATIS/AWOS/ASOS

    • Automated systems providing weather information and airport information.

    4 Forces of Flight

    • Lift is created by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an aircraft's wings due to their shape and angle of attack.
    • Bernoulli's Principle explains that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases, which helps us understand how faster airflow over the curved top surface of the wing creates lower pressure, generating lift.
    • Newton's 3 Laws of Motion:
      • First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
      • Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
      • Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

    Airfoil and Angles

    • Airfoil: The shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine) that generates lift.
    • Relative Wind: The direction of airflow relative to the wing or airfoil.
    • Angle of Attack (AOA): The angle between the chord line of the wing and the direction of the relative wind.
    • Critical AOA: The angle of attack at which a wing stalls because the airflow can no longer adhere to the upper surface.

    Stalls and Spins

    • Stalls are created when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, causing a loss of lift.
    • Stalls can happen during high angles of attack, such as in sharp turns, slow flight, or excessive nose-up attitudes.
    • Recovery from a stall involves reducing the angle of attack by pushing the yoke forward and adding power to regain lift and control.
    • In a spin, the aircraft descends in a corkscrew path with one wing more stalled than the other.
    • Recovery from a spin involves reducing power to idle, neutralizing ailerons, applying full opposite rudder to stop the rotation, and pushing the yoke forward to break the stall.

    Drag and Ground Effect

    • Induced Drag: Caused by the generation of lift, decreases with higher airspeeds.
    • Parasite Drag: Caused by the aircraft's shape and surface friction, increases with higher airspeeds.
    • Ground Effect: Occurs when an aircraft is within one wingspan of the ground, reducing induced drag and increasing lift.

    Thrust and Wake Turbulence

    • Thrust is created by engines generating a force that propels the aircraft forward.
    • Propeller works by converting engine power into thrust through its rotating blades.
    • Wake Turbulence: Caused by the wingtip vortices of a preceding aircraft.
    • Mitigation involves waiting sufficient time between departures and landings and staying above the preceding aircraft's flight path.

    Left-Leaning Turning Tendencies

    • Left-leaning turning tendencies in single-engine aircraft include P-factor, torque, gyroscopic precession, and spiraling slipstream effects, causing the aircraft to yaw to the left.

    Stability

    • Static Stability: The aircraft's initial response to a disturbance.
    • Dynamic Stability: The aircraft's response over time to a disturbance.
    • The Cessna 172 (C172) typically has positive static and dynamic stability, meaning it tends to return to its original attitude after a disturbance.

    Aerodynamics

    Pressure and Density Altitudes

    • Pressure Altitude: The altitude relative to the standard atmosphere pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg).
    • Density Altitude: Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
    • High density altitude reduces aircraft performance due to lower air density, affecting lift, engine power, and propeller efficiency.

    Aircraft Systems & Limitations

    3 Axis of Operation

    • Longitudinal (Roll): Controlled by ailerons.
    • Lateral (Pitch): Controlled by the elevator.
    • Vertical (Yaw): Controlled by the rudder.

    Major Aircraft Components

    • Wings: Generate lift.
    • Powerplant: Provides thrust (engine and propeller).
    • Propeller: Converts engine power into thrust.
    • Empennage: Provides stability and control (tail section).
    • Fuselage: The main body, housing passengers, cargo, and fuel.
    • Landing Gear: Supports the aircraft during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.

    Flight Instruments

    • Instruments like the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and attitude indicator provide crucial flight information.

    Weight and Balance

    • Weight: The force due to gravity on the aircraft.
    • Arm: The distance from a reference point to the center of gravity of an object.
    • Moment: The product of weight and arm.

    Performance Calculations

    • Calculate ground roll, rate of climb (ROC), takeoff distance, etc., using aircraft performance charts.
    • Calculate less taxi fuel by subtracting fuel used during taxi from total fuel.
    • Calculate pressure altitude using altimeter setting adjustments.
    • Calculate density altitude using pressure altitude and temperature.

    Effect of Weight and CG

    • Heavier aircraft require more runway and have reduced performance.
    • Forward CG increases stability but reduces maneuverability.
    • Aft CG decreases stability but improves performance.

    Importance of W&B and Performance Calculations

    • Ensures safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance.

    Aircraft Operations

    Preflight Actions

    • Preflight actions for flight must include: Notams, Weather, Known ATC delays, Runway lengths, Alternatives, Fuel requirements, and Takeoff/landing distances.

    PIC Responsibility

    • The pilot in command is directly responsible for and has the final authority over the operation of the aircraft.

    Airport Operations

    Chart Supplement and Sectional

    • Used for navigation and airport information.

    Taxiway/Airport/Runway Signs and Lights

    • Recognize and interpret signs and lights for safe navigation on the ground.

    Airport Beacon Lights

    • Help identify the airport at night or in low visibility.

    Lost Comms

    • Follow established procedures for lost communications, including tower light gun signals.

    Windsock

    • Indicates wind direction and strength.

    Wind Direction for T/O and Landing

    • Use into-the-wind for takeoff and landing to maximize performance and safety.

    Traffic Pattern Ops

    • Enter/exit the pattern properly, follow the standard left-hand pattern unless otherwise specified.

    Uncontrolled vs Controlled

    • Differentiate between uncontrolled (no control tower) and controlled (with control tower) airports.

    CTAF

    • Common Traffic Advisory Frequency used at non-towered airports.

    ATIS/AWOS/ASOS

    • Automated systems providing weather information and airport information.

    4 Forces of Flight

    • Lift is created by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an aircraft's wings due to their shape and angle of attack.
    • Bernoulli's Principle explains that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases, which helps us understand how faster airflow over the curved top surface of the wing creates lower pressure, generating lift.
    • Newton's 3 Laws of Motion:
      • First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
      • Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
      • Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

    Airfoil and Angles

    • Airfoil: The shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine) that generates lift.
    • Relative Wind: The direction of airflow relative to the wing or airfoil.
    • Angle of Attack (AOA): The angle between the chord line of the wing and the direction of the relative wind.
    • Critical AOA: The angle of attack at which a wing stalls because the airflow can no longer adhere to the upper surface.

    Stalls and Spins

    • Stalls are created when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, causing a loss of lift.
    • Stalls can happen during high angles of attack, such as in sharp turns, slow flight, or excessive nose-up attitudes.
    • Recovery from a stall involves reducing the angle of attack by pushing the yoke forward and adding power to regain lift and control.
    • In a spin, the aircraft descends in a corkscrew path with one wing more stalled than the other.
    • Recovery from a spin involves reducing power to idle, neutralizing ailerons, applying full opposite rudder to stop the rotation, and pushing the yoke forward to break the stall.

    Drag and Ground Effect

    • Induced Drag: Caused by the generation of lift, decreases with higher airspeeds.
    • Parasite Drag: Caused by the aircraft's shape and surface friction, increases with higher airspeeds.
    • Ground Effect: Occurs when an aircraft is within one wingspan of the ground, reducing induced drag and increasing lift.

    Thrust and Wake Turbulence

    • Thrust is created by engines generating a force that propels the aircraft forward.
    • Propeller works by converting engine power into thrust through its rotating blades.
    • Wake Turbulence: Caused by the wingtip vortices of a preceding aircraft.
    • Mitigation involves waiting sufficient time between departures and landings and staying above the preceding aircraft's flight path.

    Left-Leaning Turning Tendencies

    • Left-leaning turning tendencies in single-engine aircraft include P-factor, torque, gyroscopic precession, and spiraling slipstream effects, causing the aircraft to yaw to the left.

    Stability

    • Static Stability: The aircraft's initial response to a disturbance.
    • Dynamic Stability: The aircraft's response over time to a disturbance.
    • The Cessna 172 (C172) typically has positive static and dynamic stability, meaning it tends to return to its original attitude after a disturbance.

    Aerodynamics

    Pressure and Density Altitudes

    • Pressure Altitude: The altitude relative to the standard atmosphere pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg).
    • Density Altitude: Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
    • High density altitude reduces aircraft performance due to lower air density, affecting lift, engine power, and propeller efficiency.

    Aircraft Systems & Limitations

    3 Axis of Operation

    • Longitudinal (Roll): Controlled by ailerons.
    • Lateral (Pitch): Controlled by the elevator.
    • Vertical (Yaw): Controlled by the rudder.

    Major Aircraft Components

    • Wings: Generate lift.
    • Powerplant: Provides thrust (engine and propeller).
    • Propeller: Converts engine power into thrust.
    • Empennage: Provides stability and control (tail section).
    • Fuselage: The main body, housing passengers, cargo, and fuel.
    • Landing Gear: Supports the aircraft during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.

    Flight Instruments

    • Instruments like the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and attitude indicator provide crucial flight information.

    Weight and Balance

    • Weight: The force due to gravity on the aircraft.
    • Arm: The distance from a reference point to the center of gravity of an object.
    • Moment: The product of weight and arm.

    Performance Calculations

    • Calculate ground roll, rate of climb (ROC), takeoff distance, etc., using aircraft performance charts.
    • Calculate less taxi fuel by subtracting fuel used during taxi from total fuel.
    • Calculate pressure altitude using altimeter setting adjustments.
    • Calculate density altitude using pressure altitude and temperature.

    Effect of Weight and CG

    • Heavier aircraft require more runway and have reduced performance.
    • Forward CG increases stability but reduces maneuverability.
    • Aft CG decreases stability but improves performance.

    Importance of W&B and Performance Calculations

    • Ensures safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance.

    Aircraft Operations

    Preflight Actions

    • Preflight actions for flight must include: Notams, Weather, Known ATC delays, Runway lengths, Alternatives, Fuel requirements, and Takeoff/landing distances.

    PIC Responsibility

    • The pilot in command is directly responsible for and has the final authority over the operation of the aircraft.

    Airport Operations

    Chart Supplement and Sectional

    • Used for navigation and airport information.

    Taxiway/Airport/Runway Signs and Lights

    • Recognize and interpret signs and lights for safe navigation on the ground.

    Airport Beacon Lights

    • Help identify the airport at night or in low visibility.

    Lost Comms

    • Follow established procedures for lost communications, including tower light gun signals.

    Windsock

    • Indicates wind direction and strength.

    Wind Direction for T/O and Landing

    • Use into-the-wind for takeoff and landing to maximize performance and safety.

    Traffic Pattern Ops

    • Enter/exit the pattern properly, follow the standard left-hand pattern unless otherwise specified.

    Uncontrolled vs Controlled

    • Differentiate between uncontrolled (no control tower) and controlled (with control tower) airports.

    CTAF

    • Common Traffic Advisory Frequency used at non-towered airports.

    ATIS/AWOS/ASOS

    • Automated systems providing weather information and airport information.

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