Aviation Flight Model Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between flights and passengers?

  • Passengers are linked to an airport rather than a flight.
  • A flight can have multiple passengers, each needing a separate ticket. (correct)
  • Each flight can only accommodate a single passenger.
  • Each passenger can operate multiple flights simultaneously.

What entity is responsible for the operation of a flight?

  • The airport authorities
  • The airline owning the plane (correct)
  • The flight itself
  • The passengers of the flight

What role do the pilot and co-pilot fulfill in the flight model?

  • They operate the flight. (correct)
  • They are responsible for planning the flight route.
  • They are responsible for the maintenance of the aircraft.
  • They manage the passenger boarding process.

In a flight model, how is the relationship between cities and airports best described?

<p>Each city can have multiple airports. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a flight in the modeled system?

<p>It can have a variable number of passengers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does encapsulation achieve in object-oriented programming?

<p>It separates an object's external properties from its internal implementation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the UML class diagram provided, which of the following attributes is correctly defined for the Car class?

<p>model: string (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about data hiding in encapsulation is true?

<p>Information within the object cannot be seen from outside the object. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of encapsulation in software design?

<p>Ability to modify implementation without affecting external code. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is not likely part of the Car class based on the information given?

<p>sort() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the benefit of implementation hiding?

<p>Only the object's interface is exposed to the outside world. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided UML diagram, which data type is incorrectly assigned in any of the class attributes?

<p>Year: string (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used for sorting in the example given?

<p>Bubble Sort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inheritance enable in object-oriented programming?

<p>Sharing features among different classes based on a hierarchy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a superclass?

<p>A parent class that provides general features to subclasses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In UML notation, how is inheritance represented?

<p>By a solid line with a hollow arrow pointing to the superclass. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of building a general base class in inheritance?

<p>To establish a foundation for creating more specific, derived classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of polymorphism describes how the same operation can behave differently?

<p>An operation may have multiple methods implemented for various classes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a method in the context of polymorphism?

<p>An implementation of an operation by a specific class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using inheritance to build software incrementally?

<p>It facilitates the addition of new functionalities without starting over. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the subclass?

<p>It can only contain features present in the superclass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique identity of an object referred to?

<p>Memory address (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about objects and classes is true?

<p>Objects are instances of classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does classification of objects refer to in the context of object-oriented programming?

<p>Grouping objects with the same data structure and behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might cows and cars be modeled as separate classes despite having common attributes like price and age?

<p>They are fundamentally different objects with different behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of abstraction in programming?

<p>To isolate important aspects of a problem and suppress unimportant ones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between an object and its class?

<p>An object has a reference to its class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In object-oriented programming, what does the term 'object handle' refer to?

<p>A reference to the memory address of an object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of abstraction in programming?

<p>Creating an interface with only essential methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of a class in object-oriented modeling?

<p>To define a blueprint for creating objects with shared properties and behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an operation to be polymorphic in the context of classes?

<p>It can exist in multiple forms across different classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an attribute typically characterized in an object-oriented class?

<p>It holds a value and uniquely identifies the property for each object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a class diagram, which compartment is optional when modeling classes?

<p>The attribute compartment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about objects of the same class in relation to operations?

<p>They share the same operations as defined by their class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a class model primarily used for?

<p>To graphically represent relationships among classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about attributes in a class is false?

<p>The attribute itself determines the methods that can be applied to it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates an operation from a method in classes?

<p>Methods provide the specific implementation of operations in a class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method in the Shape class is used to retrieve the color of the shape?

<p>getColor(): int (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a class model in object-oriented systems?

<p>To represent the static structure of the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are generics used in a class?

<p>When a class can have its attributes' data types specified at runtime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does polymorphism allow in object-oriented programming?

<p>A single interface to represent different underlying forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the methods setSide() and getSide() in the Square class represent?

<p>Operations that manage the side length of the square (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes objects in OO modeling?

<p>Objects can appear as common nouns in the project documentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the method getArea() in the Rectangle class calculate?

<p>The area of the rectangle using the formula length x width (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship is commonly characterized in a class model?

<p>The inheritance hierarchy among classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Object Identity

A unique identifier that distinguishes an object from all other objects in a system. It's essentially the object's memory address or handle.

Object Identifier

A variable that references an object's identity (memory address). It's like a name tag that points to a specific object.

Class

A blueprint or template that defines the common characteristics and behavior of a set of objects. It's like a recipe for creating instances.

Object

An individual instance of a class. It's a concrete realization of the class's definition, with its own specific values for attributes.

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Classification

The process of grouping objects with similar data structures (attributes) and behavior (operations) into a single class. It helps organize and simplify the system.

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Abstraction

The ability to focus selectively on specific details of a problem while hiding or abstracting away unnecessary complexities. It simplifies the system by breaking it down into manageable parts.

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Semantic Purpose

The meaning or purpose of a concept within the context of a system. It determines which data and operations are relevant for a class.

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Class Diagram

A visual representation of a system that shows its classes and their relationships. It helps document and understand the structure of the system.

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Polymorphism

The ability of an object to take on different forms or behaviors, determined by its class and implementation.

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Generic Class

A class where the data types of its attributes are specified at runtime.

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Class Model

A model that describes the static structure of a system, focusing on classes, objects, and their relationships.

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Objects in Problem Description

Objects often have names that are used in problem descriptions or discussions with customers.

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Encapsulation

A mechanism in object-oriented programming that hides the internal implementation details of an object from the outside world.

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Data Hiding

A feature of encapsulation that prevents direct access to data members of an object from outside the object itself. This promotes data integrity and control.

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Implementation Hiding

A feature of encapsulation that prevents direct access to the implementation details of an object's methods from outside the object itself. This allows for flexibility and maintainability by hiding how a method works.

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Inheritance

The sharing of features (attributes and operations) between classes based on a hierarchical relationship.

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Superclass

A class that provides general features to be inherited by other classes.

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Subclass

A class that inherits features from a superclass, possibly adding or modifying them.

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Inheritance (from a different perspective)

The ability of an object to use methods and attributes defined in another class, even if they are not explicitly defined in the object's own class.

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Method

A specific implementation of an operation by a particular class.

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Operation

A process or transformation that an object performs or is subjected to.

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Polymorphism (explained further)

Because an operation can be implemented differently by different classes, each class can have its own version of a method to handle that operation.

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Attribute

A named property of a class that describes a value held by each object of that class.

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Value

A piece of data assigned to an attribute, representing a specific value for that attribute.

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Study Notes

Lecture 4: Introduction to UML, OO Modelling, & Class Diagrams

  • This lecture introduces the Unified Modeling Language (UML) in object-oriented (OO) software modeling.
  • OO software organizes as a collection of discrete objects that incorporate data structure and behavior.
  • The basic unit is the Object, which has state (data) and behavior (operations).

Topics Covered

  • Modeling

  • UML Diagrams

  • UML Tools

  • Static Diagrams

  • Class Model

  • What is OO Software?

  • Object-Oriented (“OO”) Characteristics

  • Identity

  • Classes and objects

  • Classification

  • Abstraction

  • Encapsulation

  • Inheritance

  • Using Inheritance

  • Polymorphism

  • Generics

  • Class Model

  • Objects

  • Values and attributes

  • Operations and Methods

  • Summary of Basic Class Notation

  • Sample Class Model

The Software Process

  • A structured set of activities to develop a software system.
  • Many processes exist, but they all involve Specification, Design/Implementation, Validation, and Maintenance/Evolution.

Modeling

  • A model is an abstraction.
  • Abstraction is used to simplify design by ignoring unnecessary details.
  • Modeling tools reduce complexity, allow testing before implementation, facilitate communication, and document/visualize ideas.

Some UML Diagrams

  • Functional diagrams: describe system functionality from user perspective, including use case diagrams.
  • Static diagrams: describe the static structure of a system, including classes, objects, attributes, and associations
  • Dynamic diagrams: describe dynamic behavior, including interaction diagrams (interactions between system objects), state diagrams (behavior of an individual object), and activity diagrams (system workflow).

UML Tools

  • Some tools can generate code from UML diagrams.
  • Other tools are for sketching.
  • Rational Rose is a popular commercial UML tool.
  • Bouml is an open-source UML tool.
  • Visio is a sketching tool.

Static Diagrams

  • Class diagrams: show classes and their relationships
  • Object diagrams: show objects and their relationships
  • Package diagrams: show how classes are grouped into packages.

Class Model

  • A class model describes the static structure of a system by defining classes, objects, relationships, and details of each class of objects' attributes/operations.
  • In OO systems, building around objects is more important than focusing solely on functionality.

What is OO Software?

  • OO software organizes as a collection of discrete objects that have both data structure and behavior.
  • Objects have state and behavior.

Object-Oriented (“OO”) Characteristics

  • Identity
  • Classification
  • Encapsulation
  • Abstraction
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism
  • Generics
  • Cohesion
  • Coupling

Identity

  • Each object has its own unique identity, even if objects have the same state/data.

Classification

  • Objects with the same data structure (attributes) and behavior (operations) belong to the same class.
  • Classes function as abstractions defining crucial application properties.

Abstraction

  • Abstraction is selective study of problem parts.
  • Developers isolate essential problem aspects and disregard less significant ones.

Encapsulation

  • Encapsulation separates external and internal object details, improving program parts' interdependency.
  • Changing a class's internal aspects doesn't affect programs using its objects.

Inheritance

  • Inheritance is the feature that allows classes to share attributes and operations based on a hierarchical relationship.
  • A superclass (parent) possesses general features and sublcasses (children) inherit those features, refining some

How to Use Inheritance

  • Build fundamental classes to address basic cases.
  • Build special cases (subclasses) that inherit from general classes, adding unique functions.

Polymorphism

  • Polymorphism allows the same operation to have different behaviors in various classes.
  • An operation is a procedure; a method is its specific class implementation.
  • Polymorphic operations can have multiple implementations (methods) in different classes.

Generics

  • Generic classes allow object attribute data types to be specified at run-time instead of compile time.
  • Generic classes are parameterized, using a parameter that describes the attribute type.

Objects

  • Objects often correspond to real-world entities or conceptual descriptions.
  • Objects are identified by names, like variables in a program, which are often proper nouns.

Class

  • A class is a blueprint defining a group of objects with shared properties (attributes) and behaviors (operations).

Class Model

  • Class modeling involves a graphical notation to define classes and their relationships, depicting instances.
  • Class diagrams are valuable in program/software design and implementation.

Values and Attributes

  • Attributes represent properties of a class.
  • Every class is defined by unique attributes.
  • Values are data assigned to attributes

Operations and Methods

  • Operations are procedures or functions applied to class objects.
  • Methods are specific operation implementations within a class.
  • Operations/Methods can vary or change across classes.

Summary of Class Notation

  • Attribute and operation compartments are optional.
  • Designers/developers can display or exclude attributes and operations as desired.
  • Empty attributes indicate they have been specified but are nonexistent.

Summary of Basic Class Notation

  • Basic class notation shows attribute name, type and default value.
  • A class may have multiple compartments.

A Sample Class Model

  • This model describes flight classes representing flights, airports, airlines, planes, passengers, pilots, and co-pilots.
  • Each class has specific attributes and behaviors related to flights.

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CSC441 Intro to SE: Introduction to UML, OO Modelling & Class Diagrams PDF

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