Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why are surface-to-air missiles considered a regional threat?
Why are surface-to-air missiles considered a regional threat?
What is crucial for a surface-to-air missile to effectively hit its target?
What is crucial for a surface-to-air missile to effectively hit its target?
What role do ASC’s play in relation to surface-to-air missiles?
What role do ASC’s play in relation to surface-to-air missiles?
What mitigation efforts should ASCs adopt regarding MANPADs?
What mitigation efforts should ASCs adopt regarding MANPADs?
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What technology might ASCs consider using to monitor missile firing locations?
What technology might ASCs consider using to monitor missile firing locations?
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Why is the use of large-scale surface-to-air missiles generally outside the purview of the Airport Security Coordinator?
Why is the use of large-scale surface-to-air missiles generally outside the purview of the Airport Security Coordinator?
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What is a primary concern when identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
What is a primary concern when identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
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Which of the following is an aspect ASCs should focus on regarding airport security?
Which of the following is an aspect ASCs should focus on regarding airport security?
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What challenge do surface-to-air missiles pose due to their launching capabilities?
What challenge do surface-to-air missiles pose due to their launching capabilities?
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What should not be overlooked in the context of airport security against MANPADs?
What should not be overlooked in the context of airport security against MANPADs?
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What is a primary method for assessing surface-to-air missile threat locations around airports?
What is a primary method for assessing surface-to-air missile threat locations around airports?
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What factor is significant for a surface-to-air missile's effectiveness?
What factor is significant for a surface-to-air missile's effectiveness?
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What effort might ASCs consider in the context of MANPAD mitigation?
What effort might ASCs consider in the context of MANPAD mitigation?
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How can CCTV cameras enhance security regarding surface-to-air missiles?
How can CCTV cameras enhance security regarding surface-to-air missiles?
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Why are surface-to-air missiles considered a threat in urban areas?
Why are surface-to-air missiles considered a threat in urban areas?
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What type of missile case is mentioned as typically outside the scope of ASCs?
What type of missile case is mentioned as typically outside the scope of ASCs?
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What monitoring technique may ASCs adopt to enhance security against missile threats?
What monitoring technique may ASCs adopt to enhance security against missile threats?
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What is a primary challenge related to the effectiveness of surface-to-air missiles?
What is a primary challenge related to the effectiveness of surface-to-air missiles?
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What is one aspect ASCs should include in their security protocols concerning missile threats?
What is one aspect ASCs should include in their security protocols concerning missile threats?
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Which of these factors is MOST crucial for a surface-to-air missile to successfully hit its target?
Which of these factors is MOST crucial for a surface-to-air missile to successfully hit its target?
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Which of these is NOT mentioned as a potential mitigation effort ASCs should consider regarding MANPADs?
Which of these is NOT mentioned as a potential mitigation effort ASCs should consider regarding MANPADs?
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What makes surface-to-air missiles a regional threat, as mentioned in the text?
What makes surface-to-air missiles a regional threat, as mentioned in the text?
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Why is the use of a large-scale surface-to-air missile, like the one potentially responsible for the Malaysia Flight 17 incident, generally outside the scope of the Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)?
Why is the use of a large-scale surface-to-air missile, like the one potentially responsible for the Malaysia Flight 17 incident, generally outside the scope of the Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)?
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What type of assessment has the TSA conducted to identify potential missile launch locations around airports?
What type of assessment has the TSA conducted to identify potential missile launch locations around airports?
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What are ASCs encouraged to include in their off-site security patrols?
What are ASCs encouraged to include in their off-site security patrols?
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What is the primary concern in identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
What is the primary concern in identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
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What type of technology is suggested as a potential tool ASCs can utilize for monitoring potential missile launch locations?
What type of technology is suggested as a potential tool ASCs can utilize for monitoring potential missile launch locations?
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Besides collaborating with law enforcement, what specific action does the text suggest ASCs undertake in response to the MANPAD threat?
Besides collaborating with law enforcement, what specific action does the text suggest ASCs undertake in response to the MANPAD threat?
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What aspect of surface-to-air missile threats is NOT directly addressed in the provided text?
What aspect of surface-to-air missile threats is NOT directly addressed in the provided text?
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What is a primary concern when identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
What is a primary concern when identifying potential missile launch locations around airports?
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What is a potential tool ASCs can utilize for monitoring potential missile launch locations?
What is a potential tool ASCs can utilize for monitoring potential missile launch locations?
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What is a key factor for ASCs to consider in their off-site security patrols?
What is a key factor for ASCs to consider in their off-site security patrols?
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What specific action does the text suggest ASCs undertake in response to the MANPAD threat, besides collaborating with law enforcement?
What specific action does the text suggest ASCs undertake in response to the MANPAD threat, besides collaborating with law enforcement?
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Why is the use of large-scale surface-to-air missiles, like the one potentially responsible for the Malaysia Flight 17 incident, generally outside the scope of the Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)?
Why is the use of large-scale surface-to-air missiles, like the one potentially responsible for the Malaysia Flight 17 incident, generally outside the scope of the Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)?
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What is a primary challenge related to the effectiveness of surface-to-air missiles?
What is a primary challenge related to the effectiveness of surface-to-air missiles?
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What aspect of surface-to-air missile threats is NOT directly addressed in the provided text?
What aspect of surface-to-air missile threats is NOT directly addressed in the provided text?
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What type of assessment has the TSA conducted to identify potential missile launch locations around airports?
What type of assessment has the TSA conducted to identify potential missile launch locations around airports?
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What aspect of surface-to-air missiles makes them a regional threat?
What aspect of surface-to-air missiles makes them a regional threat?
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What factor is MOST crucial for a surface-to-air missile to successfully hit its target?
What factor is MOST crucial for a surface-to-air missile to successfully hit its target?
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Study Notes
Abbreviations
- A comprehensive list of aviation-related abbreviations includes AIT (Automated Imaging Technology), FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), and TSA (Transportation Security Administration).
- Other significant abbreviations are NIMS (National Incident Management System), ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System), and WMD (Weapon of Mass Destruction).
Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)
- Established in 1991 under Title 14 CFR Part 107.29, the ASC role ensures compliance with aviation security regulations.
- Post-9/11, ASCs have expanded responsibilities, being the primary contact for TSA and maintaining expertise in aviation security policies.
- ASCs must coordinate with various agencies and stakeholders, including Federal, State, and local law enforcement as well as airport tenants.
- Critical functions include ensuring compliance with security regulations, correcting non-compliance issues, and managing security credentials for personnel.
Regulatory Responsibilities of ASC
- Immediate Contact with TSA: ASC serves as the airport's primary liaison for security-related communications and must be accessible 24/7.
- Review Security-Related Functions: Regular review and compliance checks of airport security operations and procedures are required.
- Corrective Actions for Non-compliance: Immediate remediation of compliance issues must be initiated by the ASC when security standards are not met.
- Employment History Checks: ASC oversees the credentialing process, including employment history and criminal records checks as per regulatory requirements.
- Handle Access Applications: ASC processes notifications from individuals seeking corrections to their criminal records, acting as the liaison with the FBI.
Key Relationships
- Primary Relationships: Regular communication is essential with key figures such as the Airport Director, Airport Police Chief, and Federal Security Director.
- Secondary Relationships: Monthly communications should happen with Joint Terrorism Task Force, Field Intelligence Officers, and regional emergency management representatives.
- Collaboration with relevant local and regional stakeholders enhances overall airport security.
Additional Duties
- Responsibilities not explicitly defined in regulations include maintaining a relationship with airline station managers and sharing vital security information.
- ASCs must possess comprehensive knowledge and undergo specific training to manage airport security effectively.
Training Requirements
- ASCs must complete training programs focused on airport security regulations, law enforcement responsibilities, and crisis management.
- Continuous education ensures ASCs stay updated on best practices and new regulatory directives from TSA.
Compliance and Incident Management
- ASCs are responsible for drafting and updating the Airport Security Program (ASP) based on evolving threats and regulatory changes.
- They must be familiar with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and maintain readiness for crisis management.
Importance of ASC Role
- ASC positions are crucial in maintaining airport security, compliance with TSA regulations, and the effective implementation of security protocols.
- Effective ASC performance protects the airport from potential security breaches and costly penalties associated with non-compliance.### Airport Security Coordination
- Airport Security Coordinators (ASCs) liaise with foreign air carrier station managers and manage access control systems, including CCTV monitoring access points.
- Cybersecurity is integral to protecting IT systems that manage access and the badging process.
- Some ASCs aim beyond regulatory minimums to prevent terrorist attacks, employing a proactive mindset termed “Not On My Watch."
- Effective strategies for increased security include networking with nearby transport facilities and emergency response personnel to synchronize incident management plans.
Security Regulations and Responsibilities
- ASCs require strong communication skills to implement procedures that can be unpopular with airport tenants.
- At major airports (Category X and I), ASCs primarily focus on aviation security related duties.
- ASCs handle Sensitive Security Information (SSI) and oversee Criminal History Record Checks (CHRCs) for badging applicants.
- Law enforcement presence in ASC roles is debated; airports may assign civilians or officers based on operational needs.
Threats to Aviation Security
- Historical threats include bombings, hijackings, and direct attacks using missiles or firearms from ground positions.
- Criminal activities at airports involve drug smuggling, theft, human trafficking, and general crimes.
Bombings in Aviation History
- Early bombings aimed for insurance fraud, exemplified by Jack Graham in 1955.
- Notable cases include the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985 and Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, resulting in 359 and 270 fatalities, respectively.
- These incidents prompted changes in security regulations, including checked bag screening and explosive detection teams within the FAA.
Hijacking Evolution
- The first hijacking occurred in 1931, evolving from ransom motives to political statements by the late 1960s.
- Significant incidents include the 1970 hijacking of Eastern Airlines and the attempts to crash planes into notable landmarks.
- D.B. Cooper's famous 1971 hijacking showcased a successful escape with ransom, influencing subsequent hijacking attempts and responses.
Legislative Changes and Security Enhancements
- The FAA issued regulations for comprehensive airport security following significant bombings; however, congressionally mandated changes often lagged behind the technological measures that could enhance security.
- Post-9/11, TSA assumed responsibility for aviation security from the FAA, leading to increased scrutiny and more stringent regulations surrounding checked baggage and passenger screening.
Ongoing Security Challenges
- Despite advancements in aviation security, attempts at bombing and hijacking persist, highlighting the need for continuous vigilance.
- Notable post-9/11 attempts include shoe bombs, liquid-based explosives, and underwear bombs, emphasizing evolving threats.
- Security strategies must adapt to counter the efforts of terrorists and criminals exploiting aviation systems.### Aviation Security Challenges
- Aviation security constantly evolves as criminals and terrorists develop new methods to bypass preventive measures.
- Terminal bombings in airports have historically caused significant casualties and led to stricter security protocols.
Notable Bombing Incidents
- 1974: Bomb exploded in Los Angeles International Airport, killing two skycaps and injuring several others.
- 1975: A bombing at LaGuardia Airport killed 11 and injured 75, with bombs concealed in public lockers leading to restricted access.
- 1999: Ahmed Ressam arrested at Port Angeles with a car containing explosives intended for an attack on LAX.
- 2011: Suicide bombings at Moscow Domodedovo Airport resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries.
Bomb Mitigation Strategies
- Increase employee awareness and training to spot suspicious items.
- Characterize terminal designs to reduce clustering of individuals and potential bomb placement areas.
- Implement random vehicle searches and frequent land patrols, similar to practices at Ben Gurion Airport.
Economic and Security Implications
- A successful bombing near an airport could lead to extensive casualties, operational shutdowns, strict regulations, and economic repercussions.
- U.S. Customs had not gained the current designation of "Customs and Border Protection" until post-9/11.
Active Shooter Incidents
- 2013: Active shooter incident at LAX resulted in the death of TSA officer Gerardo Hernandez and injuries to others, causing severe operational disruptions.
- The first major active shooter incident occurred at Ben Gurion Airport, resulting in 26 deaths and 80 injuries, with the attackers utilizing automatic weapons.
Historical Context of Airport Attacks
- Attacks in Rome and Vienna (1985) targeted El Al ticket counters, leading to significant casualties.
- LAX saw previous active shooter incidents, including a 2002 attack at the El Al counter.
Surface-to-Air Missile Threats
- Civil aircraft attacks via surface-to-air missiles occurred over 80 times, typically in war zones.
- MANPADS represent a focused threat within aviation security discussions, as these portable missiles can target civilian aircraft effectively.
Notable Surface-to-Air Missile Attacks
- 2002: An Israeli aircraft was targeted by SA-7 missiles over Mombasa, Kenya.
- 2003: A DHL flight was attacked with surface-to-air missiles departing Baghdad.
Mitigation and Future Measures
- The United States has not yet equipped its airline fleet with anti-missile flare systems, unlike Israel.
- Discussions surrounding missile attacks often involve fictional representations that highlight potential vulnerabilities.
- Security assessments should include identifying off-site areas posing risks for missile launches, involving local law enforcement in preventive strategies.
Abbreviations
- A comprehensive list of aviation-related abbreviations includes AIT (Automated Imaging Technology), FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), and TSA (Transportation Security Administration).
- Other significant abbreviations are NIMS (National Incident Management System), ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System), and WMD (Weapon of Mass Destruction).
Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)
- Established in 1991 under Title 14 CFR Part 107.29, the ASC role ensures compliance with aviation security regulations.
- Post-9/11, ASCs have expanded responsibilities, being the primary contact for TSA and maintaining expertise in aviation security policies.
- ASCs must coordinate with various agencies and stakeholders, including Federal, State, and local law enforcement as well as airport tenants.
- Critical functions include ensuring compliance with security regulations, correcting non-compliance issues, and managing security credentials for personnel.
Regulatory Responsibilities of ASC
- Immediate Contact with TSA: ASC serves as the airport's primary liaison for security-related communications and must be accessible 24/7.
- Review Security-Related Functions: Regular review and compliance checks of airport security operations and procedures are required.
- Corrective Actions for Non-compliance: Immediate remediation of compliance issues must be initiated by the ASC when security standards are not met.
- Employment History Checks: ASC oversees the credentialing process, including employment history and criminal records checks as per regulatory requirements.
- Handle Access Applications: ASC processes notifications from individuals seeking corrections to their criminal records, acting as the liaison with the FBI.
Key Relationships
- Primary Relationships: Regular communication is essential with key figures such as the Airport Director, Airport Police Chief, and Federal Security Director.
- Secondary Relationships: Monthly communications should happen with Joint Terrorism Task Force, Field Intelligence Officers, and regional emergency management representatives.
- Collaboration with relevant local and regional stakeholders enhances overall airport security.
Additional Duties
- Responsibilities not explicitly defined in regulations include maintaining a relationship with airline station managers and sharing vital security information.
- ASCs must possess comprehensive knowledge and undergo specific training to manage airport security effectively.
Training Requirements
- ASCs must complete training programs focused on airport security regulations, law enforcement responsibilities, and crisis management.
- Continuous education ensures ASCs stay updated on best practices and new regulatory directives from TSA.
Compliance and Incident Management
- ASCs are responsible for drafting and updating the Airport Security Program (ASP) based on evolving threats and regulatory changes.
- They must be familiar with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and maintain readiness for crisis management.
Importance of ASC Role
- ASC positions are crucial in maintaining airport security, compliance with TSA regulations, and the effective implementation of security protocols.
- Effective ASC performance protects the airport from potential security breaches and costly penalties associated with non-compliance.### Airport Security Coordination
- Airport Security Coordinators (ASCs) liaise with foreign air carrier station managers and manage access control systems, including CCTV monitoring access points.
- Cybersecurity is integral to protecting IT systems that manage access and the badging process.
- Some ASCs aim beyond regulatory minimums to prevent terrorist attacks, employing a proactive mindset termed “Not On My Watch."
- Effective strategies for increased security include networking with nearby transport facilities and emergency response personnel to synchronize incident management plans.
Security Regulations and Responsibilities
- ASCs require strong communication skills to implement procedures that can be unpopular with airport tenants.
- At major airports (Category X and I), ASCs primarily focus on aviation security related duties.
- ASCs handle Sensitive Security Information (SSI) and oversee Criminal History Record Checks (CHRCs) for badging applicants.
- Law enforcement presence in ASC roles is debated; airports may assign civilians or officers based on operational needs.
Threats to Aviation Security
- Historical threats include bombings, hijackings, and direct attacks using missiles or firearms from ground positions.
- Criminal activities at airports involve drug smuggling, theft, human trafficking, and general crimes.
Bombings in Aviation History
- Early bombings aimed for insurance fraud, exemplified by Jack Graham in 1955.
- Notable cases include the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985 and Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, resulting in 359 and 270 fatalities, respectively.
- These incidents prompted changes in security regulations, including checked bag screening and explosive detection teams within the FAA.
Hijacking Evolution
- The first hijacking occurred in 1931, evolving from ransom motives to political statements by the late 1960s.
- Significant incidents include the 1970 hijacking of Eastern Airlines and the attempts to crash planes into notable landmarks.
- D.B. Cooper's famous 1971 hijacking showcased a successful escape with ransom, influencing subsequent hijacking attempts and responses.
Legislative Changes and Security Enhancements
- The FAA issued regulations for comprehensive airport security following significant bombings; however, congressionally mandated changes often lagged behind the technological measures that could enhance security.
- Post-9/11, TSA assumed responsibility for aviation security from the FAA, leading to increased scrutiny and more stringent regulations surrounding checked baggage and passenger screening.
Ongoing Security Challenges
- Despite advancements in aviation security, attempts at bombing and hijacking persist, highlighting the need for continuous vigilance.
- Notable post-9/11 attempts include shoe bombs, liquid-based explosives, and underwear bombs, emphasizing evolving threats.
- Security strategies must adapt to counter the efforts of terrorists and criminals exploiting aviation systems.### Aviation Security Challenges
- Aviation security constantly evolves as criminals and terrorists develop new methods to bypass preventive measures.
- Terminal bombings in airports have historically caused significant casualties and led to stricter security protocols.
Notable Bombing Incidents
- 1974: Bomb exploded in Los Angeles International Airport, killing two skycaps and injuring several others.
- 1975: A bombing at LaGuardia Airport killed 11 and injured 75, with bombs concealed in public lockers leading to restricted access.
- 1999: Ahmed Ressam arrested at Port Angeles with a car containing explosives intended for an attack on LAX.
- 2011: Suicide bombings at Moscow Domodedovo Airport resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries.
Bomb Mitigation Strategies
- Increase employee awareness and training to spot suspicious items.
- Characterize terminal designs to reduce clustering of individuals and potential bomb placement areas.
- Implement random vehicle searches and frequent land patrols, similar to practices at Ben Gurion Airport.
Economic and Security Implications
- A successful bombing near an airport could lead to extensive casualties, operational shutdowns, strict regulations, and economic repercussions.
- U.S. Customs had not gained the current designation of "Customs and Border Protection" until post-9/11.
Active Shooter Incidents
- 2013: Active shooter incident at LAX resulted in the death of TSA officer Gerardo Hernandez and injuries to others, causing severe operational disruptions.
- The first major active shooter incident occurred at Ben Gurion Airport, resulting in 26 deaths and 80 injuries, with the attackers utilizing automatic weapons.
Historical Context of Airport Attacks
- Attacks in Rome and Vienna (1985) targeted El Al ticket counters, leading to significant casualties.
- LAX saw previous active shooter incidents, including a 2002 attack at the El Al counter.
Surface-to-Air Missile Threats
- Civil aircraft attacks via surface-to-air missiles occurred over 80 times, typically in war zones.
- MANPADS represent a focused threat within aviation security discussions, as these portable missiles can target civilian aircraft effectively.
Notable Surface-to-Air Missile Attacks
- 2002: An Israeli aircraft was targeted by SA-7 missiles over Mombasa, Kenya.
- 2003: A DHL flight was attacked with surface-to-air missiles departing Baghdad.
Mitigation and Future Measures
- The United States has not yet equipped its airline fleet with anti-missile flare systems, unlike Israel.
- Discussions surrounding missile attacks often involve fictional representations that highlight potential vulnerabilities.
- Security assessments should include identifying off-site areas posing risks for missile launches, involving local law enforcement in preventive strategies.
Abbreviations
- A comprehensive list of aviation-related abbreviations includes AIT (Automated Imaging Technology), FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), and TSA (Transportation Security Administration).
- Other significant abbreviations are NIMS (National Incident Management System), ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System), and WMD (Weapon of Mass Destruction).
Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)
- Established in 1991 under Title 14 CFR Part 107.29, the ASC role ensures compliance with aviation security regulations.
- Post-9/11, ASCs have expanded responsibilities, being the primary contact for TSA and maintaining expertise in aviation security policies.
- ASCs must coordinate with various agencies and stakeholders, including Federal, State, and local law enforcement as well as airport tenants.
- Critical functions include ensuring compliance with security regulations, correcting non-compliance issues, and managing security credentials for personnel.
Regulatory Responsibilities of ASC
- Immediate Contact with TSA: ASC serves as the airport's primary liaison for security-related communications and must be accessible 24/7.
- Review Security-Related Functions: Regular review and compliance checks of airport security operations and procedures are required.
- Corrective Actions for Non-compliance: Immediate remediation of compliance issues must be initiated by the ASC when security standards are not met.
- Employment History Checks: ASC oversees the credentialing process, including employment history and criminal records checks as per regulatory requirements.
- Handle Access Applications: ASC processes notifications from individuals seeking corrections to their criminal records, acting as the liaison with the FBI.
Key Relationships
- Primary Relationships: Regular communication is essential with key figures such as the Airport Director, Airport Police Chief, and Federal Security Director.
- Secondary Relationships: Monthly communications should happen with Joint Terrorism Task Force, Field Intelligence Officers, and regional emergency management representatives.
- Collaboration with relevant local and regional stakeholders enhances overall airport security.
Additional Duties
- Responsibilities not explicitly defined in regulations include maintaining a relationship with airline station managers and sharing vital security information.
- ASCs must possess comprehensive knowledge and undergo specific training to manage airport security effectively.
Training Requirements
- ASCs must complete training programs focused on airport security regulations, law enforcement responsibilities, and crisis management.
- Continuous education ensures ASCs stay updated on best practices and new regulatory directives from TSA.
Compliance and Incident Management
- ASCs are responsible for drafting and updating the Airport Security Program (ASP) based on evolving threats and regulatory changes.
- They must be familiar with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and maintain readiness for crisis management.
Importance of ASC Role
- ASC positions are crucial in maintaining airport security, compliance with TSA regulations, and the effective implementation of security protocols.
- Effective ASC performance protects the airport from potential security breaches and costly penalties associated with non-compliance.### Airport Security Coordination
- Airport Security Coordinators (ASCs) liaise with foreign air carrier station managers and manage access control systems, including CCTV monitoring access points.
- Cybersecurity is integral to protecting IT systems that manage access and the badging process.
- Some ASCs aim beyond regulatory minimums to prevent terrorist attacks, employing a proactive mindset termed “Not On My Watch."
- Effective strategies for increased security include networking with nearby transport facilities and emergency response personnel to synchronize incident management plans.
Security Regulations and Responsibilities
- ASCs require strong communication skills to implement procedures that can be unpopular with airport tenants.
- At major airports (Category X and I), ASCs primarily focus on aviation security related duties.
- ASCs handle Sensitive Security Information (SSI) and oversee Criminal History Record Checks (CHRCs) for badging applicants.
- Law enforcement presence in ASC roles is debated; airports may assign civilians or officers based on operational needs.
Threats to Aviation Security
- Historical threats include bombings, hijackings, and direct attacks using missiles or firearms from ground positions.
- Criminal activities at airports involve drug smuggling, theft, human trafficking, and general crimes.
Bombings in Aviation History
- Early bombings aimed for insurance fraud, exemplified by Jack Graham in 1955.
- Notable cases include the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985 and Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, resulting in 359 and 270 fatalities, respectively.
- These incidents prompted changes in security regulations, including checked bag screening and explosive detection teams within the FAA.
Hijacking Evolution
- The first hijacking occurred in 1931, evolving from ransom motives to political statements by the late 1960s.
- Significant incidents include the 1970 hijacking of Eastern Airlines and the attempts to crash planes into notable landmarks.
- D.B. Cooper's famous 1971 hijacking showcased a successful escape with ransom, influencing subsequent hijacking attempts and responses.
Legislative Changes and Security Enhancements
- The FAA issued regulations for comprehensive airport security following significant bombings; however, congressionally mandated changes often lagged behind the technological measures that could enhance security.
- Post-9/11, TSA assumed responsibility for aviation security from the FAA, leading to increased scrutiny and more stringent regulations surrounding checked baggage and passenger screening.
Ongoing Security Challenges
- Despite advancements in aviation security, attempts at bombing and hijacking persist, highlighting the need for continuous vigilance.
- Notable post-9/11 attempts include shoe bombs, liquid-based explosives, and underwear bombs, emphasizing evolving threats.
- Security strategies must adapt to counter the efforts of terrorists and criminals exploiting aviation systems.### Aviation Security Challenges
- Aviation security constantly evolves as criminals and terrorists develop new methods to bypass preventive measures.
- Terminal bombings in airports have historically caused significant casualties and led to stricter security protocols.
Notable Bombing Incidents
- 1974: Bomb exploded in Los Angeles International Airport, killing two skycaps and injuring several others.
- 1975: A bombing at LaGuardia Airport killed 11 and injured 75, with bombs concealed in public lockers leading to restricted access.
- 1999: Ahmed Ressam arrested at Port Angeles with a car containing explosives intended for an attack on LAX.
- 2011: Suicide bombings at Moscow Domodedovo Airport resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries.
Bomb Mitigation Strategies
- Increase employee awareness and training to spot suspicious items.
- Characterize terminal designs to reduce clustering of individuals and potential bomb placement areas.
- Implement random vehicle searches and frequent land patrols, similar to practices at Ben Gurion Airport.
Economic and Security Implications
- A successful bombing near an airport could lead to extensive casualties, operational shutdowns, strict regulations, and economic repercussions.
- U.S. Customs had not gained the current designation of "Customs and Border Protection" until post-9/11.
Active Shooter Incidents
- 2013: Active shooter incident at LAX resulted in the death of TSA officer Gerardo Hernandez and injuries to others, causing severe operational disruptions.
- The first major active shooter incident occurred at Ben Gurion Airport, resulting in 26 deaths and 80 injuries, with the attackers utilizing automatic weapons.
Historical Context of Airport Attacks
- Attacks in Rome and Vienna (1985) targeted El Al ticket counters, leading to significant casualties.
- LAX saw previous active shooter incidents, including a 2002 attack at the El Al counter.
Surface-to-Air Missile Threats
- Civil aircraft attacks via surface-to-air missiles occurred over 80 times, typically in war zones.
- MANPADS represent a focused threat within aviation security discussions, as these portable missiles can target civilian aircraft effectively.
Notable Surface-to-Air Missile Attacks
- 2002: An Israeli aircraft was targeted by SA-7 missiles over Mombasa, Kenya.
- 2003: A DHL flight was attacked with surface-to-air missiles departing Baghdad.
Mitigation and Future Measures
- The United States has not yet equipped its airline fleet with anti-missile flare systems, unlike Israel.
- Discussions surrounding missile attacks often involve fictional representations that highlight potential vulnerabilities.
- Security assessments should include identifying off-site areas posing risks for missile launches, involving local law enforcement in preventive strategies.
Abbreviations
- A comprehensive list of aviation-related abbreviations includes AIT (Automated Imaging Technology), FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), and TSA (Transportation Security Administration).
- Other significant abbreviations are NIMS (National Incident Management System), ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System), and WMD (Weapon of Mass Destruction).
Airport Security Coordinator (ASC)
- Established in 1991 under Title 14 CFR Part 107.29, the ASC role ensures compliance with aviation security regulations.
- Post-9/11, ASCs have expanded responsibilities, being the primary contact for TSA and maintaining expertise in aviation security policies.
- ASCs must coordinate with various agencies and stakeholders, including Federal, State, and local law enforcement as well as airport tenants.
- Critical functions include ensuring compliance with security regulations, correcting non-compliance issues, and managing security credentials for personnel.
Regulatory Responsibilities of ASC
- Immediate Contact with TSA: ASC serves as the airport's primary liaison for security-related communications and must be accessible 24/7.
- Review Security-Related Functions: Regular review and compliance checks of airport security operations and procedures are required.
- Corrective Actions for Non-compliance: Immediate remediation of compliance issues must be initiated by the ASC when security standards are not met.
- Employment History Checks: ASC oversees the credentialing process, including employment history and criminal records checks as per regulatory requirements.
- Handle Access Applications: ASC processes notifications from individuals seeking corrections to their criminal records, acting as the liaison with the FBI.
Key Relationships
- Primary Relationships: Regular communication is essential with key figures such as the Airport Director, Airport Police Chief, and Federal Security Director.
- Secondary Relationships: Monthly communications should happen with Joint Terrorism Task Force, Field Intelligence Officers, and regional emergency management representatives.
- Collaboration with relevant local and regional stakeholders enhances overall airport security.
Additional Duties
- Responsibilities not explicitly defined in regulations include maintaining a relationship with airline station managers and sharing vital security information.
- ASCs must possess comprehensive knowledge and undergo specific training to manage airport security effectively.
Training Requirements
- ASCs must complete training programs focused on airport security regulations, law enforcement responsibilities, and crisis management.
- Continuous education ensures ASCs stay updated on best practices and new regulatory directives from TSA.
Compliance and Incident Management
- ASCs are responsible for drafting and updating the Airport Security Program (ASP) based on evolving threats and regulatory changes.
- They must be familiar with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and maintain readiness for crisis management.
Importance of ASC Role
- ASC positions are crucial in maintaining airport security, compliance with TSA regulations, and the effective implementation of security protocols.
- Effective ASC performance protects the airport from potential security breaches and costly penalties associated with non-compliance.### Airport Security Coordination
- Airport Security Coordinators (ASCs) liaise with foreign air carrier station managers and manage access control systems, including CCTV monitoring access points.
- Cybersecurity is integral to protecting IT systems that manage access and the badging process.
- Some ASCs aim beyond regulatory minimums to prevent terrorist attacks, employing a proactive mindset termed “Not On My Watch."
- Effective strategies for increased security include networking with nearby transport facilities and emergency response personnel to synchronize incident management plans.
Security Regulations and Responsibilities
- ASCs require strong communication skills to implement procedures that can be unpopular with airport tenants.
- At major airports (Category X and I), ASCs primarily focus on aviation security related duties.
- ASCs handle Sensitive Security Information (SSI) and oversee Criminal History Record Checks (CHRCs) for badging applicants.
- Law enforcement presence in ASC roles is debated; airports may assign civilians or officers based on operational needs.
Threats to Aviation Security
- Historical threats include bombings, hijackings, and direct attacks using missiles or firearms from ground positions.
- Criminal activities at airports involve drug smuggling, theft, human trafficking, and general crimes.
Bombings in Aviation History
- Early bombings aimed for insurance fraud, exemplified by Jack Graham in 1955.
- Notable cases include the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985 and Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, resulting in 359 and 270 fatalities, respectively.
- These incidents prompted changes in security regulations, including checked bag screening and explosive detection teams within the FAA.
Hijacking Evolution
- The first hijacking occurred in 1931, evolving from ransom motives to political statements by the late 1960s.
- Significant incidents include the 1970 hijacking of Eastern Airlines and the attempts to crash planes into notable landmarks.
- D.B. Cooper's famous 1971 hijacking showcased a successful escape with ransom, influencing subsequent hijacking attempts and responses.
Legislative Changes and Security Enhancements
- The FAA issued regulations for comprehensive airport security following significant bombings; however, congressionally mandated changes often lagged behind the technological measures that could enhance security.
- Post-9/11, TSA assumed responsibility for aviation security from the FAA, leading to increased scrutiny and more stringent regulations surrounding checked baggage and passenger screening.
Ongoing Security Challenges
- Despite advancements in aviation security, attempts at bombing and hijacking persist, highlighting the need for continuous vigilance.
- Notable post-9/11 attempts include shoe bombs, liquid-based explosives, and underwear bombs, emphasizing evolving threats.
- Security strategies must adapt to counter the efforts of terrorists and criminals exploiting aviation systems.### Aviation Security Challenges
- Aviation security constantly evolves as criminals and terrorists develop new methods to bypass preventive measures.
- Terminal bombings in airports have historically caused significant casualties and led to stricter security protocols.
Notable Bombing Incidents
- 1974: Bomb exploded in Los Angeles International Airport, killing two skycaps and injuring several others.
- 1975: A bombing at LaGuardia Airport killed 11 and injured 75, with bombs concealed in public lockers leading to restricted access.
- 1999: Ahmed Ressam arrested at Port Angeles with a car containing explosives intended for an attack on LAX.
- 2011: Suicide bombings at Moscow Domodedovo Airport resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries.
Bomb Mitigation Strategies
- Increase employee awareness and training to spot suspicious items.
- Characterize terminal designs to reduce clustering of individuals and potential bomb placement areas.
- Implement random vehicle searches and frequent land patrols, similar to practices at Ben Gurion Airport.
Economic and Security Implications
- A successful bombing near an airport could lead to extensive casualties, operational shutdowns, strict regulations, and economic repercussions.
- U.S. Customs had not gained the current designation of "Customs and Border Protection" until post-9/11.
Active Shooter Incidents
- 2013: Active shooter incident at LAX resulted in the death of TSA officer Gerardo Hernandez and injuries to others, causing severe operational disruptions.
- The first major active shooter incident occurred at Ben Gurion Airport, resulting in 26 deaths and 80 injuries, with the attackers utilizing automatic weapons.
Historical Context of Airport Attacks
- Attacks in Rome and Vienna (1985) targeted El Al ticket counters, leading to significant casualties.
- LAX saw previous active shooter incidents, including a 2002 attack at the El Al counter.
Surface-to-Air Missile Threats
- Civil aircraft attacks via surface-to-air missiles occurred over 80 times, typically in war zones.
- MANPADS represent a focused threat within aviation security discussions, as these portable missiles can target civilian aircraft effectively.
Notable Surface-to-Air Missile Attacks
- 2002: An Israeli aircraft was targeted by SA-7 missiles over Mombasa, Kenya.
- 2003: A DHL flight was attacked with surface-to-air missiles departing Baghdad.
Mitigation and Future Measures
- The United States has not yet equipped its airline fleet with anti-missile flare systems, unlike Israel.
- Discussions surrounding missile attacks often involve fictional representations that highlight potential vulnerabilities.
- Security assessments should include identifying off-site areas posing risks for missile launches, involving local law enforcement in preventive strategies.
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Test your knowledge of aviation-related abbreviations, including terms used in security, operations, and more.
