Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrian Safety Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for individuals who are at a higher risk of injury or harm when using roadways due to their limited protection in the event of a collision?

Vulnerable road users (correct)

Endangered pathway commuters

At-risk road participants

Exposed street travelers

What is the primary focus of city officials when planning, designing, and constructing pathways?

Minimizing construction costs

Prioritizing aesthetic appeal over safety

Guaranteeing comfort, convenience, and safety (correct)

Maximizing speed and efficiency

What should not be confused with pedestrian safety?

Pedestrian convenience

Pedestrian speed

Pedestrian comfort

Pedestrian security (correct)

Who are considered vulnerable road users?

Pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, electric scooter riders, skateboarder riders Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between pedestrian safety and security?

Safety refers to risks from civil activities and physical obstructions, while security refers to risks from criminal activities and terrorism Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to pedestrian safety risks?

Physical obstructions, vehicular, design, and human factors Signup and view all the answers

What do local statistics indicate about pedestrian crash rates?

High nighttime pedestrian crash rates Signup and view all the answers

What are significant factors in fatal pedestrian crashes?

High impairment and alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What do high-income countries report regarding pedestrian fatalities?

Reduced pedestrian fatalities, but concern arises due to reduced pedestrian trips Signup and view all the answers

What do low- and middle-income countries face regarding pedestrian exposure?

Pedestrian exposure on high-speed roads Signup and view all the answers

What do strategies to reduce pedestrian crashes range from?

Speed control to education programs Signup and view all the answers

What are key risk factors in pedestrian safety?

Speed, drink walking, distraction with technology, and inadequate visibility Signup and view all the answers

What does pedestrian security refer to?

Risks from criminal activities and terrorism Signup and view all the answers

What makes pedestrians highly vulnerable?

Physical protection absence Signup and view all the answers

What does road user hierarchy prioritize?

Pedestrians in roadway use Signup and view all the answers

What do high-income countries report regarding pedestrian fatalities and trips?

Reduced pedestrian fatalities, but concern arises due to reduced pedestrian trips Signup and view all the answers

What type of moral doctrine aims to minimize casualties?

Utilitarian Signup and view all the answers

How do participants exhibit crossing behavior in realistic virtual reality (VR) environments?

Cautiously Signup and view all the answers

What is the control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) carried out using?

Game theory Signup and view all the answers

In unavoidable harm scenarios, what ethical challenges arise for autonomous vehicles (AVs)?

Making difficult decisions Signup and view all the answers

What do study participants approve of for utilitarian autonomous vehicles (AVs)?

Sacrificing passengers for the greater good Signup and view all the answers

How do people overwhelmingly prefer autonomous vehicles (AVs) to treat all humans?

Equally Signup and view all the answers

What does the utilitarian moral doctrine aim to minimize?

Casualties Signup and view all the answers

How do people's preferences for sparing lives vary globally?

Considerably Signup and view all the answers

What do ethical dilemma scenarios demonstrate for each character, compared to an adult man or woman?

Relative advantage or penalty Signup and view all the answers

How do people's preferences for sparing lives differ based on gender or social status?

Considerably Signup and view all the answers

In what way does imagining a family member in the autonomous vehicle (AV) affect the morality of sacrifice?

Negatively Signup and view all the answers

What type of perspective views certain actions as inherently wrong?

Deontological Signup and view all the answers

Who or what is attributed blame and causal responsibility in fatal crashes involving autonomous vehicles?

Both the human and machine drivers Signup and view all the answers

What currently adjudicates how responsibility and blame are assigned in partially-automated systems?

Laws concerning principles of negligence Signup and view all the answers

How do manufacturers price automated vehicles?

To reflect the liability they expect to incur from the sale of those products Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of uncertainty about corporate liability for automated vehicle crashes?

It may be slowing down automated vehicle adoption Signup and view all the answers

What was considered to determine blame allocation in crashes involving shared control of a primary and a secondary driver?

Scenarios involving shared control of a primary and a secondary driver Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blame ratings of the industry in cases of shared-control vehicles?

They drop significantly Signup and view all the answers

What were participants asked to consider in hypothetical cases involving a pedestrian killed by a car operated under shared control?

How blame should be allocated Signup and view all the answers

What are the different ethical strategies for autonomous vehicles considered in the text?

Selfish, altruistic, and conservative approaches Signup and view all the answers

How did participants' preferences for selfish strategies vary?

They varied when deciding for themselves versus deciding for others Signup and view all the answers

What were the preferences regarding predetermined decisions in cases regarding the ethics of self-driving cars?

They were preferred over random decisions in all cases Signup and view all the answers

What was questioned regarding the ethics of self-driving cars?

The right person or organization to decide the ethics of self-driving cars Signup and view all the answers

What concerns were raised about regarding potential discrimination with autonomous vehicles?

Potential discrimination between humans based on age, gender, or other parameters Signup and view all the answers

What type of variables were measured in the study evaluating the impact of smartphone distraction on pedestrians’ crossing behavior?

Crossing duration, distraction attributes, socio-demographic information, and safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about distractions like visual-manual tasks and auditory cognitive tasks affecting pedestrian crossing behavior and safety?

They affected pedestrian crossing behavior and safety differently Signup and view all the answers

What was studied as an innovative solution to alert distracted pedestrians at intersections?

Illuminated in-ground LED lights Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the introduction of in-ground lights at a railway crossing on distracted pedestrians?

They were significantly less likely to check for trains Signup and view all the answers

How did the physical appearance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and a mounted external human-machine interface (eHMI) affect pedestrians’ crossing intention?

The physical appearance and eHMI affected pedestrians’ crossing intention Signup and view all the answers

What increased the pedestrian’s intention to cross, according to the study?

The presence of a zebra crossing and larger gap size between the pedestrian and the vehicle Signup and view all the answers

What did the findings of the studies contribute to the development of?

Effective safety measures and infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the study assessing how characteristics of the environment affect pedestrians’ road crossing behavior?

Visual clutter Signup and view all the answers

What was used to assess pedestrian distraction in one of the studies mentioned?

Pedestrian simulators and VR Signup and view all the answers

What did the field study at a railway crossing equipped with in-ground lights find about distracted pedestrians?

They were significantly less likely to check for trains Signup and view all the answers

What did the interaction of pedestrians with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) include?

Physical appearance and a mounted external human-machine interface (eHMI) Signup and view all the answers

What was found to affect pedestrian safety in various ways in the study involving pedestrian simulators and VR?

Different distractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent type of bicycle accident according to the text?

Single accidents Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bicycle crashes leading to hospitalization involved motor vehicles?

35% Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hospital stay for bicycle crashes involving motor vehicles?

9.2 days Signup and view all the answers

What does 'micromobility' refer to?

Light travel devices powered by manual effort or with electric support at speeds lower than 45 km/hr Signup and view all the answers

What were the four identified risk factors for e-scooter incidents?

Riding under the influence of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used to explore incident involvement history, driving attitudes, and perceived risk among e-scooter users in Paris, France?

Face-to-face road survey Signup and view all the answers

What were the key elements analyzed in the reported crash data related to e-scooters?

Rider demographics Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the naturalistic experiments related to e-scooter safety?

Studying interactions between e-scooter riding and the environment Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of riding on concrete pavements compared to riding on asphalt pavements?

More severe vibration events were associated with riding on concrete pavements Signup and view all the answers

What did the qualitative analysis of reported crash data highlight as key issues?

Helmet use Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about male and young e-scooter riders in relation to risky behavior?

They were more likely to show risky behavior Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the study involving 169 e-scooter-involved crashes across the US?

Identifying key crash elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study involving micro-mobility and e-scooters?

Examining pedestrian and micro-mobility traffic patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the category of micro-mobility?

E-bikes, e-scooters, and e-skateboards Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated global electric scooters market value in 2019?

USD 18.6 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable safety concern associated with e-scooters?

Limited regulations and unavailability of crash data Signup and view all the answers

What type of injuries primarily affect electric scooter users according to trauma registry data?

Head, face, and extremities injuries Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scooter-related injury patients required ICU admission or surgical intervention?

1 in 5 patients Signup and view all the answers

What was the mean age of patients requiring trauma surgeon care due to scooter-related injuries?

35.1 years Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients requiring trauma surgeon care due to scooter-related injuries were male?

71.3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of compliance by privately-owned e-scooter riders?

Remained high Signup and view all the answers

What has the rapid growth of e-scooter ride-share programs led to?

Temporary bans and failures Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to be involved in the transition towards smart cities?

Micro-mobility as a convenient and environmentally friendly mode of transportation Signup and view all the answers

What does the study emphasize the need for in relation to micro-mobility and e-scooters in urban areas?

Regulations and safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fatal cyclist accidents involve alcohol?

7% to 21% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fatal injuries do head injuries account for?

72% to 77% Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'safety in numbers' theory suggest?

More cyclists lead to lower accident rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the research mentioned in the text?

Developing a holistic, empirical, and evidence-based approach to micro-mobility safety Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern related to e-bike safety?

Higher speeds compared to regular bicycles Signup and view all the answers

What do regions with high cycling levels likely experience?

More bicycle fatalities Signup and view all the answers

What type of injuries are common among cyclists?

Lower and upper extremity injuries Signup and view all the answers

What does wearing a helmet considerably reduce the risk of?

Fatal injuries, head injuries, and brain injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'safety in numbers' theory correlated with?

Lower accident rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of injury among fatal cyclist accidents?

Head injuries Signup and view all the answers

What does limited research exist on regarding cycling safety?

The cause of the 'safety in numbers' effect Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to rise post-pandemic, according to the text?

Micro-mobility usage Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the project mentioned in the text?

To understand the complexities involved in interactions of pedestrians and micro-mobility users Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Phase I: Field data analysis?

To understand the variation in the demand of micro-mobility traffic and encounters between pedestrians and bicycle/scooter riders Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recruiting 25% of pedestrians to wear a heart-rate monitor in the controlled experiments?

To understand their physiological response during interactions with micro-mobility users Signup and view all the answers

What does the study aim to provide regarding the attitudes and behavior of escooter and bicycle users in shared spaces?

Empirical understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Phase 2: Controlled experiments?

To analyze the effectiveness of soft and infrastructural interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of managing mixed traffic of micro-mobility users and pedestrians in shared spaces?

It poses significant risks to safety Signup and view all the answers

What did the study aim to understand regarding pedestrians in shared spaces?

Their attitudes, safety perceptions, and protective behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of developing an analytical modelling tool founded on empirical evidence?

To replicate active transport user interactions in computer simulated settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of the project mentioned in the text?

To save lives and reduce serious injuries for active transport users Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the field data analysis phase?

To obtain preliminary insight and use the observations to formulate parameters of experiment design in Phase II Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of testing the effectiveness of a broad range of soft and infrastructural interventions?

To improve safety and comfort levels of active transport users in shared spaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent type of bicycle accident based on the reported data?

Single accidents Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bicycle crashes leading to hospitalization involved motor vehicles?

2% to 45% Signup and view all the answers

What is the average hospital stay for bicycle crashes involving motor vehicles?

9.2 days Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bicycle accidents are single accidents among children?

67%–94% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the naturalistic experiments related to e-scooter safety?

Studying the interactions between e-scooter riding and the environment settings Signup and view all the answers

What did the road survey in Paris, France aim to explore?

Incident involvement history, driving attitudes, and perceived risk among e-scooter users Signup and view all the answers

What were the key crash elements analyzed in the reported crash data?

Rider demographics, crash type, and crash location Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about male and young e-scooter riders in relation to risky behavior?

They were more likely to show risky behavior Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used to explore incident involvement history, driving attitudes, and perceived risk among e-scooter users in Paris, France?

Face-to-face road survey Signup and view all the answers

What did the alternative methods of e-scooter safety analysis involve?

Analyzing reported crash data and naturalistic experiments Signup and view all the answers

What did the reported crash data reveal about helmet use?

It was a key element in the analysis of crash patterns Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the face-to-face road survey conducted in Paris, France?

To explore incident involvement history, driving attitudes, and perceived risk among e-scooter users Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated value of the global electric scooters market in 2019?

USD 18.6 billion Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scooter-related injury patients required ICU admission or surgical intervention?

1 in 5 patients Signup and view all the answers

What was the mean age of patients requiring trauma surgeon care due to scooter-related injuries?

35.1 years Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the study involving micro-mobility and e-scooters?

Traffic patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of injury among electric scooter-related injuries?

Head injuries Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of compliance by privately-owned e-scooter riders?

Remained high Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of the rapid growth of e-scooter ride-share programs?

Temporary bans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to e-scooter safety?

Limited regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge brought by the emergence of micro-mobility and e-scooters?

Safety concerns Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to be involved in the transition towards smart cities?

Micro-mobility as a mode of transportation Signup and view all the answers

What is attributed as the cause of temporary bans and failures of e-scooter ride-share programs?

Lack of communication with local governments Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a need in the study involving micro-mobility and e-scooters?

Regulations and safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fatal cyclist accidents involve alcohol?

7% to 21% Signup and view all the answers

What type of injuries account for 72% to 77% of fatal injuries among cyclists?

Head injuries Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Safety in numbers' theory suggest?

More cyclists lead to lower accident rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the research mentioned in the text?

Developing a holistic approach to micro-mobility safety Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about the impact of wearing a helmet?

It considerably reduces the risk of fatal injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern related to e-bike safety?

Higher speeds compared to regular bicycles Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Safety in numbers' theory attribute lower accident rates to?

Behavioral adaptation and better infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

What are common cyclist injuries according to the text?

Lower and upper extremity injuries Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Safety in numbers' theory suggest about cyclist numbers and accident rates?

More cyclists lead to lower accident rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the research related to e-bike safety?

Higher speeds compared to regular bicycles Signup and view all the answers

What do regions with high cycling levels likely experience?

More bicycle fatalities Signup and view all the answers

What does limited research exist on regarding the 'Safety in numbers' effect?

The cause of the 'Safety in numbers' effect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Moral Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles

In fatal crashes involving autonomous vehicles, blame and causal responsibility are attributed to both the human and machine drivers.
Laws concerning principles of negligence currently adjudicate how responsibility and blame are assigned in partially-automated systems.
Manufacturers price automated vehicles to reflect the liability they expect to incur from the sale of those products.
Uncertainty about corporate liability for automated vehicle crashes may be slowing down automated vehicle adoption.
Scenarios involving shared control of a primary and a secondary driver were considered to determine blame allocation in crashes.
Blame ratings of the industry drop significantly in cases of shared-control vehicles, regardless of the role of the machine.
Participants were asked to consider hypothetical cases in which a pedestrian was killed by a car operated under shared control and to indicate how blame should be allocated.
Different ethical strategies for autonomous vehicles were considered, including selfish, altruistic, and conservative approaches.
Participants' preferences for selfish strategies were found to vary when deciding for themselves versus deciding for others.
Predetermined decisions were preferred over random decisions in all cases regarding the ethics of self-driving cars.
The right person or organization to decide the ethics of self-driving cars was questioned.
Concerns were raised about potential discrimination between humans based on age, gender, or other parameters, as well as the possibility of autonomous car hacking.

Pedestrian Safety and Distraction Research Summary

The University of Sydney conducted a study to evaluate the impact of smartphone distraction on pedestrians’ crossing behavior using Head-Mounted Immersive Virtual Reality (VIRE).
The study simulated three road crossing conditions: control, distracted, and distracted with implemented safety measures.
Four types of variables were measured: crossing duration, distraction attributes, socio-demographic information, and safety measures.
Another study assessed how characteristics of the environment, such as visual clutter, affect pedestrians’ road crossing behavior, especially in children.
Pedestrian distraction was also studied using pedestrian simulators and VR, with different distractions affecting pedestrian safety in various ways.
The study found that distractions like visual-manual tasks and auditory cognitive tasks affected pedestrian crossing behavior and safety differently.
Current signage at intersections may not be sufficient for distracted pedestrians, prompting the study of illuminated in-ground LED lights as an innovative solution to alert distracted pedestrians.
A field study at a railway crossing equipped with in-ground lights found that distracted pedestrians were significantly less likely to check for trains, but the introduction of the lights resulted in appropriate scanning of the rail tracks.
The interaction of pedestrians with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) was also studied, where the physical appearance of the AV and a mounted external human-machine interface (eHMI) affected pedestrians’ crossing intention.
The presence of a zebra crossing and larger gap size between the pedestrian and the vehicle increased the pedestrian’s intention to cross, but the vehicle type did not significantly affect crossing intention.
The findings of these studies provide valuable insights into pedestrian safety, distraction, and interactions with autonomous vehicles, contributing to the development of effective safety measures and infrastructure.

Cycling Safety and Micro-Mobility Research Summary

Collisions with motor vehicles account for the majority of cyclist fatalities, ranging from 64% to 100%.
Alcohol involvement in fatal cyclist accidents ranges from 7% to 21%, with higher frequency during evenings and nights.
Common cyclist injuries include lower and upper extremity injuries, with head injuries accounting for 72% to 77% of fatal injuries.
Wearing a helmet considerably reduces the risk of fatal injuries, head injuries, and brain injuries.
Regions with high cycling levels are likely to experience more bicycle fatalities, correlating exposure with higher fatality rates.
"Safety in numbers" theory suggests that more cyclists lead to lower accident rates due to behavioral adaptation and better infrastructure.
Limited research exists on the cause of the "safety in numbers" effect and its causal relation to the number of cyclists.
Psychological measures assess cyclists' anger experiences in traffic, police, car, cyclist, and pedestrian interactions.
Bicyclists felt safer in immersive virtual reality experiments, particularly when riding in segregated bicycle paths.
E-bike safety concerns include higher speeds compared to regular bicycles and the influence of pedestrian crowdedness on navigation behavior.
The research focuses on developing a holistic, empirical, and evidence-based approach to micro-mobility safety, including lightweight vehicles like electric bicycles and e-scooters.
Micro-mobility usage is expected to rise post-pandemic, especially with increasing cost-of-living expenses.

Cycling Safety and Micro-Mobility Research Summary

Collisions with motor vehicles account for the majority of cyclist fatalities, ranging from 64% to 100%.
Alcohol involvement in fatal cyclist accidents ranges from 7% to 21%, with higher frequency during evenings and nights.
Common cyclist injuries include lower and upper extremity injuries, with head injuries accounting for 72% to 77% of fatal injuries.
Wearing a helmet considerably reduces the risk of fatal injuries, head injuries, and brain injuries.
Regions with high cycling levels are likely to experience more bicycle fatalities, correlating exposure with higher fatality rates.
"Safety in numbers" theory suggests that more cyclists lead to lower accident rates due to behavioral adaptation and better infrastructure.
Limited research exists on the cause of the "safety in numbers" effect and its causal relation to the number of cyclists.
Psychological measures assess cyclists' anger experiences in traffic, police, car, cyclist, and pedestrian interactions.
Bicyclists felt safer in immersive virtual reality experiments, particularly when riding in segregated bicycle paths.
E-bike safety concerns include higher speeds compared to regular bicycles and the influence of pedestrian crowdedness on navigation behavior.
The research focuses on developing a holistic, empirical, and evidence-based approach to micro-mobility safety, including lightweight vehicles like electric bicycles and e-scooters.
Micro-mobility usage is expected to rise post-pandemic, especially with increasing cost-of-living expenses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the moral dilemmas and pedestrian safety research surrounding autonomous vehicles with this insightful quiz. Explore the allocation of blame in crashes, ethical strategies for self-driving cars, and the impact of distractions on pedestrian behavior. Delve into the complexities of liability, decision-making, and safety measures in the realm of autonomous vehicles.