65 Questions
Which anatomical division of the Nervous System includes the brain and spinal cord?
Central nervous system (CNS)
Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System carries signals away from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral tissues?
Efferent neurons
What type of neurons provide sensory input to modulate the function of the efferent division through reflex arcs?
Afferent neurons
Which functional subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is involved in the voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System regulates vital bodily functions without conscious participation of the mind?
ANS
Which division of the peripheral nervous system includes any nerves that enter or leave the CNS?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the main purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system according to the text?
To innervate specific organs separately
Where do the afferent impulses that provide sensory input to the CNS originate from?
The viscera and autonomically innervated structures
What do integrating centers in the CNS, like the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata, respond to?
Afferent impulses
What happens when there is a fall in blood pressure according to the text?
Pressure-sensitive neurons send more impulses to the brain
What do most of the afferent impulses translate into?
Involuntary reflex responses
Which structures are responsible for sending efferent reflex impulses via the ANS according to the text?
Cardiovascular centers in the brain
Which type of receptors are directly linked to membrane ion channels?
Nicotinic receptors
What is the main role of second messengers in signal transduction?
Translate neurotransmitter binding into a cellular response
Which system includes adenylyl cyclase and the calcium/phosphatidylinositol system as second messengers?
Metabotropic receptor system
What distinguishes ionotropic receptors from metabotropic receptors in terms of signal transduction?
Metabotropic receptors are directly linked to membrane ion channels
Which type of receptors signal their recognition of a bound neurotransmitter by initiating a series of reactions involving second messengers?
Metabotropic receptors
What is the role of G proteins in the signal transduction processes involving metabotropic receptors?
Transmit signals from the receptor to effector proteins
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in response to stimuli that evoke strong feelings?
It modifies activities of the ANS
In dual innervation of organs by the ANS, what does vagal parasympathetic innervation do to the heart rate?
Slows down heart rate
What is the result of increased sympathetic output to the heart and vasculature?
Compensatory rise in blood pressure and heart rate
What is the predominant factor for controlling heart rate despite dual innervation of the heart?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What happens to the activity of a given organ when one system predominates in controlling it?
It is controlled more effectively
What can modify activities of the autonomic nervous system according to the text?
Strong feelings like rage, fear, and pleasure
Which type of receptors in ANS effector cells are classified based on the neurotransmitters or hormones that bind to them?
Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors
Which neurotransmitters bind to adrenergic receptors in effector cells?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What type of receptors are directly linked to membrane ion channels and affect ion permeability?
Ionotropic receptors
Which type of receptors mediate the effects of ligands by activating a second messenger system inside the cell?
Metabotropic receptors
What are the two most widely recognized second messengers mentioned in the text?
Adenylyl cyclase system and calcium/phosphatidylinositol system
Which type of neurotransmitter receptors are membrane proteins that affect ion permeability?
Neurotransmitter receptors
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla in response to stimulation by acetylcholine?
Epinephrine
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in relation to the effector organs?
Near or on the effector organ
Which nerve accounts for the majority of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?
Cranial nerve X (Vagus)
In the enteric nervous system, which division of the ANS does it represent?
Autonomic Neurons
What distinguishes the length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic system?
Preganglionic fibers are longer, while postganglionic fibers are short.
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?
Within the CNS
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the exocrine glands?
Control of glandular secretions
What is the role of ganglia in the autonomic nervous system?
Act as relay stations between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Which type of neurons in the autonomic nervous system are generally nonmyelinated and terminate on effector organs?
Postganglionic neurons
In the autonomic nervous system, what do efferent neurons innervate?
Exocrine glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
What happens when parasympathetic fibers innervating specific organs such as the gut, heart, or eye are activated individually?
They affect the organs separately.
In the context of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), what is the role of streams of afferent impulses originating from autonomically innervated structures?
To provide information on the body's current state to the CNS.
What is the main function of reflex arcs in the Autonomic Nervous System according to the text?
To translate afferent impulses into reflex responses involuntarily.
Which structure plays a crucial role in responding to stimuli by sending out efferent reflex impulses via the ANS?
Medulla oblongata.
What is specifically regulated by pressure-sensitive neurons like baroreceptors in the heart, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses?
Blood pressure.
Which type of effector organs receive innervation only from the sympathetic system?
Adrenal medulla, kidney, pilomotor muscles, and sweat glands
What is a major difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse with more postganglionic fibers
In the efferent somatic nervous system, how does the motor neuron reach skeletal muscle?
Traveling directly without ganglia
Which division of the nervous system is under voluntary control?
Somatic Nervous System
Why do responses in the somatic division generally occur faster than those in the autonomic nervous system?
Because a single myelinated motor neuron travels directly to skeletal muscle
What limits the amount of branching that can be done by the parasympathetic division?
The close proximity of ganglia to the organs
What enables a fast response by the somatic nervous system?
Myelination of the motor nerves
In the somatic nervous system, how many muscle fibers may one motor neuron innervate?
100 muscle fibers
Which anatomical arrangement leads to the distinct functions of the parasympathetic division?
Ganglia close to organs
What results in the formation of a motor unit in the somatic nervous system?
Highly branched axons
What is the neurotransmitter responsible for transmission at the neuromuscular junction in the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter mediates the transmission of nerve impulses from autonomic postganglionic nerves to effector organs in the sympathetic system?
Norepinephrine
What type of signaling do norepinephrine and epinephrine represent when acting as neurotransmitters?
Adrenergic signaling
What cellular response follows the activation of receptors by chemical signals?
Phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
Which of the following is true regarding acetylcholine's role at the adrenal medulla?
It acts as a hormone
In the autonomic nervous system, where does acetylcholine primarily mediate the transmission of nerve impulses?
From postganglionic nerves to effector organs
What is the term used to describe fibers that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system?
Adrenergic fibers
Which of the following represents a cellular response triggered by the binding of chemical signals to receptors?
Increased ion channel conductivity
What is the role of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system's autonomic ganglia?
It mediates impulse transmission across autonomic ganglia.
Which of the following describes the function of epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Functions as a chemical messenger in effector organs.
Test your knowledge on the reflex response of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on the role of the central nervous system in regulating autonomic functions and reflex arcs. Learn about how sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs influence blood pressure and heart rate.
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