Autonomic Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

  • Muscular movement (correct)
  • Digestion
  • Blood pressure
  • Heart rate

The autonomic nervous system only operates through conscious reflexes.

False (B)

What are the two major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system regulates __________ functions including heart rate and digestion.

<p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the divisions of the autonomic nervous system with their primary characteristics:

<p>Sympathetic nervous system = Prepares the body for fight or flight Parasympathetic nervous system = Promotes rest and digest activities Enteric nervous system = Manages gastrointestinal functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which center of the body is primarily responsible for activating the autonomic nervous system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visceral afferent fibers always travel separately from efferent fibers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary activities such as muscular movement?

<p>Somatic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three membranes that cover the spinal cord called?

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ nervous system lies outside the dura mater.

<p>peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structure of the brain with its primary function:

<p>Spinal Cord = Reflex and basic bodily functions Lower Brain = Subconscious functions Cerebral Cortex = Complex thought processes Peripheral Nervous System = Communication between CNS and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Afferent nerves are responsible for which type of message delivery?

<p>Delivering sensory information to the CNS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gray matter in the CNS is rich in myelin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of peripheral nerves?

<p>Afferent and efferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do postganglionic parasympathetic neurons stimulate?

<p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla releases __________ into the bloodstream.

<p>epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the adrenergic receptor subtypes with their primary location:

<p>α 1 = Blood vessels α 2 = Presynaptic terminals β 1 = Heart β 2 = Bronchial muscle β 3 = Fat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the five subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors?

<p>Generate diverse responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic neurons that release norepinephrine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are all adrenergic receptors classified as?

<p>G protein-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do dendrites primarily play in a neuron?

<p>Receiving information via neurotransmitter receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axon of a neuron transmits electrical signals to other neurons through presynaptic terminals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters and what is their primary function?

<p>Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released by neurons to transmit signals across a synapse to another neuron, muscle, or gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical messenger that operates within the cholinergic system is called ______.

<p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of receptors with their corresponding function:

<p>Nicotinic = Fast muscle activation M1 = Stimulates Gq-protein, leading to IP3 activation M2 = Decreases cAMP to reduce heart contractility M3 = Activates smooth muscle and glands via IP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects does Acetylcholine NOT have?

<p>Increases heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscarine is an antagonist of Acetylcholine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological process does Acetylcholine facilitate in the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Excitation of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>To synapse with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system can operate independently.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which conditions does sympathetic output typically increase?

<p>Stress, anxiety, physical activity, fear, or excitement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the spinal cord between segments ___ and ___.

<p>T1, L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their corresponding functions in the sympathetic nervous system:

<p>Preganglionic Neurons = Synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia Postganglionic Neurons = Carries signals to target organs Sympathetic Chain Ganglia = Interconnected with spinal nerves Peripheral Ganglia = Sites for synapses outside of the sympathetic chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It forms networks of neurons around the gastrointestinal tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system always synapse within the sympathetic chain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron is the first in the two-synapse pathway of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Preganglionic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate?

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The α receptors have a greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzyme PNMT in the adrenal medulla?

<p>It converts norepinephrine to epinephrine by adding a methyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ nervous system is often referred to as 'Rest and Digest'.

<p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to dilate blood vessels leading to muscles during stress?

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acetylcholine is released by sympathetic cholinergic fibers acting on muscarinic receptors in sweat glands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptors are involved in pupil dilation for improved vision?

<p>alpha-1 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The nervous system that extends beyond the CNS, connecting it to the rest of the body.

Afferent Nerves

Nerves that carry messages from the body to the CNS.

Efferent Nerves

Nerves that carry messages from the CNS to the body.

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Peripheral Ganglia

Groups of nerve cells located outside the CNS.

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Dura Mater

The outer membrane covering the spinal cord.

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Arachnoid

The middle membrane covering the spinal cord.

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Pia Mater

The delicate inner membrane covering the spinal cord.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, often triggered by stress or excitement.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest and digest' activities, typically involved in relaxing and conserving energy.

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Preganglionic Neuron

The first neuron in a two-neuron pathway of the autonomic nervous system, originating in the CNS and sending signals to a ganglion.

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Postganglionic Neuron

The second neuron in a two-neuron pathway of the autonomic nervous system, located in a ganglion and sending signals to target tissues.

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Ganglia

The location where preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons, forming a network of nerve cell bodies.

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Enteric Nervous System

A collection of neurons located in the walls of the GI tract, responsible for regulating digestion and related processes.

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Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The chain of ganglia along the vertebral column that receives signals from preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

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Prevertebral Ganglia

Ganglia located outside of the sympathetic chain, receiving signals from preganglionic neurons and relaying them to specific organs.

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What does the autonomic nervous system control?

The autonomic nervous system regulates vital bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature control.

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How is the ANS structured within the nervous system?

The ANS is made up of parts of both the CNS and PNS, but operates independently to maintain homeostasis.

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How do visceral reflexes work?

Visceral reflexes involve sensory signals from organs traveling to the CNS and back, triggering automatic responses.

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What are the two major divisions of the ANS?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to control different organ functions.

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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic division prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.

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What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

The parasympathetic system promotes relaxation and rest by slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and aiding digestion.

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What is the enteric nervous system?

The enteric nervous system controls the digestive system independently, even without input from the CNS.

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What is the overall importance of the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system regulates essential body functions, ensuring internal stability and well-being.

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Dendrites

Branched extensions of a neuron's cell body that receive information from other neurons through neurotransmitters.

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Axon

A long, slender projection from a neuron's cell body that transmits information (action potentials) to other cells.

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Presynaptic Terminals

Specialized endings of an axon that convert electrical signals into chemical ones, releasing neurotransmitters across a synapse.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by neurons to transmit signals across synapses, affecting the target cell's activity.

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Receptors

Proteins located on the surface of target cells that bind to neurotransmitters, triggering specific cellular responses.

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

A type of neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, involved in various bodily functions.

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Nicotinic Receptor (Nm)

An acetylcholine receptor that is fast-acting, triggering immediate muscle contraction.

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Muscarinic Receptor (M)

An acetylcholine receptor that is slower-acting, involved in a variety of effects, including heart rate regulation and smooth muscle contraction.

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Autonomic ganglia

Autonomic ganglia are clusters of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system, serving as relay points for signals between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

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Adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla is a specialized part of the sympathetic nervous system that releases hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline) directly into the bloodstream.

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Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) to stimulate muscarinic receptors on target organs, modulating various bodily functions.

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Muscarinic receptors

Muscarinic receptors are found on target cells and are stimulated by acetylcholine and muscarine, playing a key role in parasympathetic nerve function.

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Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine, which acts on target cells through adrenergic receptors, triggering a 'fight or flight' response.

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Adrenergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors are found on target cells and are stimulated by norepinephrine and epinephrine, mediating sympathetic nervous system responses.

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Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE) is a neurotransmitter that primarily activates alpha receptors, which are more sensitive to NE than epinephrine.

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Epinephrine

Epinephrine (E), also known as adrenaline, primarily activates beta receptors, which are more sensitive to E than NE.

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Beta-1 Receptors

Beta-1 receptors are primarily located in the heart and increase heart rate and contractility.

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Beta-2 Receptors

Beta-2 receptors are primarily located in the lungs and dilate bronchioles to increase oxygen intake.

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Alpha-1 Receptors

Alpha-1 receptors are involved in vasoconstriction (narrowing blood vessels), pupillary dilation, and glucose release from the liver.

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Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that acts on muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic system, slowing the heart rate and constricting airways.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Structure and Function

  • The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems
  • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord
  • The spinal cord is covered by three membranes called meninges: dura mater (outer), arachnoid (middle), and pia mater (inner)
  • The brain has several lobes with specific functions: frontal lobe (problem-solving, voluntary movement), temporal lobe (understanding language), parietal lobe (sensation, spatial awareness), and occipital lobe (vision)
  • The cerebellum plays a role in balance and coordination.
  • The brainstem controls vital functions like breathing, heartbeat, and body temperature.

Major Levels of CNS Function

  • The spinal cord controls reflexes and basic bodily functions (movement, pain withdrawal, posture)
  • Lower brain regions control subconscious functions (blood pressure, respiration, balance)
  • The cerebral cortex (higher brain) manages complex thought processes, memories, and higher-level functions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
  • Afferent nerves carry signals to the CNS; efferent nerves carry signals from the CNS.
  • The ANS controls involuntary functions; it is further divided into sympathetic ("fight or flight") and parasympathetic ("rest and digest") divisions.
  • Peripheral ganglia are groups of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.

Function of Autonomic Nervous System

  • The ANS regulates visceral functions, like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
  • Sympathetic division activates during stress or heightened activity; parasympathetic division regulates functions during rest-and-digest.
  • The sympathetic pathway typically has two synapses (preganglionic and postganglionic) between the CNS and target organs. 
  • Preganglionic neurons are in the spinal cord.
  • Postganglionic neurons are in ganglia near target organs. Parasympathetic neurons are usually found in the brainstem or sacral regions of the spinal cord.
  • The parasympathetic pathways typically have a single synapse, with the ganglion being very close to the target organ..
  • The sympathetic nervous system can stimulate or inhibit target cells.
  • Two major divisions of the ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervate the same organs but usually in opposite ways.

Nerve Cells (Neurons)

  • Neurons are specialized for sending and receiving signals
  • Key components of a neuron include the cell body (or soma), dendrites (receivers), and an axon (transmitter).
  • Information transmission between neurons occurs via synapses
  • Synapses are specialized junctions where neurotransmitters released by one neuron affect the activity of the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

  • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse.
  • Receptors are proteins on the surface of target cells that bind to neurotransmitters, initiating a cellular response.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • Most neurons in the autonomic nervous system release ACh at some point in their pathways.
  • ACh has two main receptor types: nicotinic (ionotropic) and muscarinic (metabotropic). Nicotinic receptors are found in between the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron; they function very quickly. Muscarinic receptors are found in the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, leading to slower, more sustained affects.

Adrenergic Systems

  • Use norepinephrine or epinephrine as neurotransmitters
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine typically act via metabotropic receptors (called adrenergic receptors). 
  • Alpha and beta receptors are the most common adrenergic receptors
  • Adrenergic receptors have subtypes (a1, a2, β1, β2). Different organs may have different receptor affinities for norepinephrine or epinephrine. The organs' response is affected by different combinations of factors. 

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Description

Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system and its functions. This quiz covers topics such as the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, regulatory functions, and relationships with voluntary activities. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand this vital part of human physiology!

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