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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
What type of receptors do cholinergic neurons interact with?
What type of receptors do cholinergic neurons interact with?
Which type of drug mimics the actions of norepinephrine?
Which type of drug mimics the actions of norepinephrine?
Where is acetylcholine released from in the peripheral nervous system?
Where is acetylcholine released from in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which statement best describes the activation of adrenergic receptors?
Which statement best describes the activation of adrenergic receptors?
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Which of the following correctly describes adrenergic neurons?
Which of the following correctly describes adrenergic neurons?
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What effect do some receptor subtypes of the autonomic nervous system generally have on effectors?
What effect do some receptor subtypes of the autonomic nervous system generally have on effectors?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by pre-ganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by pre-ganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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What is the effect of sympathomimetic drugs on heart rate?
What is the effect of sympathomimetic drugs on heart rate?
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Which receptor is primarily responsible for bronchodilatation in the respiratory system?
Which receptor is primarily responsible for bronchodilatation in the respiratory system?
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What happens to vascular resistance at high doses of adrenaline?
What happens to vascular resistance at high doses of adrenaline?
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathomimetic drugs on the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathomimetic drugs on the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the main action of β3 receptors in metabolic processes?
What is the main action of β3 receptors in metabolic processes?
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What is the ophthalmic duration of action for cyclopentolate?
What is the ophthalmic duration of action for cyclopentolate?
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Which effect does α1 receptor stimulation have in the urinary bladder?
Which effect does α1 receptor stimulation have in the urinary bladder?
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Why is intravenous adrenaline administered with caution?
Why is intravenous adrenaline administered with caution?
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What is the effect of muscarinic activation on heart rate?
What is the effect of muscarinic activation on heart rate?
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Which mechanism primarily mediates generalized vasodilation in blood vessels?
Which mechanism primarily mediates generalized vasodilation in blood vessels?
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What effect does muscarinic activation have on the gastrointestinal tract?
What effect does muscarinic activation have on the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which of the following is NOT caused by muscarinic receptor activation?
Which of the following is NOT caused by muscarinic receptor activation?
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What is the role of Mono-Amine Oxidase (MAO) in the termination of adrenergic action?
What is the role of Mono-Amine Oxidase (MAO) in the termination of adrenergic action?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of Oxymetazoline?
What is the primary therapeutic use of Oxymetazoline?
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What effect does muscarinic activation have on sweat glands?
What effect does muscarinic activation have on sweat glands?
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Which of the following medications selectively stimulates α1 receptors?
Which of the following medications selectively stimulates α1 receptors?
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Which substance is a diagnostic marker for pheochromocytoma related to elevated norepinephrine levels?
Which substance is a diagnostic marker for pheochromocytoma related to elevated norepinephrine levels?
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Which effect is associated with the use of Clonidine?
Which effect is associated with the use of Clonidine?
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What is the primary function of the catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) enzyme?
What is the primary function of the catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) enzyme?
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What condition is Methoxamine used to treat?
What condition is Methoxamine used to treat?
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What is the main adverse effect of high doses of Phenylephrine?
What is the main adverse effect of high doses of Phenylephrine?
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Which selective agonist is used to reduce intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma?
Which selective agonist is used to reduce intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma?
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What is the primary function of selective β2 agonists?
What is the primary function of selective β2 agonists?
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Which drug class does Ritodrine belong to?
Which drug class does Ritodrine belong to?
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What effect does acetylcholine have on the heart via M2 receptors?
What effect does acetylcholine have on the heart via M2 receptors?
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Which effect is primarily associated with M3 receptor activation in smooth muscles?
Which effect is primarily associated with M3 receptor activation in smooth muscles?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of bethanechol?
What is the primary therapeutic use of bethanechol?
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Which statement is true about direct-acting cholinergic agonists?
Which statement is true about direct-acting cholinergic agonists?
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Which receptor type is primarily found in skeletal muscle?
Which receptor type is primarily found in skeletal muscle?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on blood vessels?
What is the effect of acetylcholine on blood vessels?
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Which of the following is an antagonist of nicotinic receptors?
Which of the following is an antagonist of nicotinic receptors?
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Which glandular secretion is increased by M3 receptor activation?
Which glandular secretion is increased by M3 receptor activation?
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What is the primary effect of β1 receptor stimulation in the heart?
What is the primary effect of β1 receptor stimulation in the heart?
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Which sympathomimetic drug is primarily a selective α2 agonist and reduces blood pressure?
Which sympathomimetic drug is primarily a selective α2 agonist and reduces blood pressure?
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What is the effect of low doses of Adrenaline on the vascular system?
What is the effect of low doses of Adrenaline on the vascular system?
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Which drug is known for causing bronchodilatation by activating β2 receptors?
Which drug is known for causing bronchodilatation by activating β2 receptors?
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What indicates the action of Phenylephrine in the peripheral blood vessels?
What indicates the action of Phenylephrine in the peripheral blood vessels?
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What is a primary use of Oxymetazoline?
What is a primary use of Oxymetazoline?
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Which sympathomimetic drug is a nonselective β1 and β2 agonist that affects blood pressure?
Which sympathomimetic drug is a nonselective β1 and β2 agonist that affects blood pressure?
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How does Brimonidine affect intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
How does Brimonidine affect intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
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What describes the characteristic action of Noradrenaline on the vascular system?
What describes the characteristic action of Noradrenaline on the vascular system?
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What is a notable side effect of long-acting β2 agonists like Salmeterol?
What is a notable side effect of long-acting β2 agonists like Salmeterol?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology 1
- This course is all automatic.
- The course is part of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alryada University.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of the nervous system.
- It controls involuntary functions.
- It is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Nervous System (N.S)
- The nervous system has two main divisions:
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Nerves
- Sensory (afferent) division: transmits signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
- Motor (efferent) division: transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands).
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary functions of smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and some visceral organs.
- Sympathetic division: often associated with "fight or flight" responses.
- Parasympathetic division: often associated with "rest and digest" responses.
- Nerves
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The divisions of the ANS work antagonistically, one tends to oppose another, to maintain homeostasis.
- The SNS uses a single neuron pathway that is heavily myelinated from CNS to skeletal muscle, using acetylcholine.
- The ANS, sympathetic, uses two neuron pathways (one preganglionic and the other postganglionic), lightly myelinated from the brain/spinal cord to preganglionic neurons. Then to ganglion and the postganglionic neuron to the target tissue.
Nervous System (N.S), further details
-
Sympathetic - heavily myelinated with acetylcholine
-
ANS uses two-neuron chain that is lightly myelinated with acetylcholine or norepinephrine, including the following
-
Preganglionic Neuron → Ganglion → Postganglionic Neuron → Target tissue
-
Adrenal glands release epinephrine into the blood which also effects the target tissue, which is a different route from acetylcholine
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Sympathetic = Fight or flight
-
Parasympathetic = Rest and digest
-
The target organ is the effector organ.
Autonomic Ganglia
- Ganglia are sites where information (action potentials) from the CNS are transmitted to the periphery via synaptic neurotransmission.
- The information from the CNS can be amplified, inhibited, or left unaltered at the ganglia.
Sympathetic Ganglia & Parasympathetic Ganglia
- Sympathetic - located in two chains, paravertebral ganglia on each side of vertebral bodies. Postganglionic neurons are long, to reach multiple targets via spinal nerves.
- Parasympathetic - located within the target organ. Pre and postganglionic neurons are shorter due to the ganglia located within the target tissue.
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
- The functional difference between sympathetic & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is due to the different neurotransmitters each uses:
- Acetylcholine.
- Norepinephrine.
Sites of ACh release
- All preganglionic autonomic ganglia (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
- All postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings.
- Somatic nerve of skeletal muscle (End motor plate, NMJ)
- Sweat glands, adrenal medulla, BV's of some skeletal muscles (sympathetic nerve only)
Receptors of the ANS
- A particular receptor subtype for each division of the ANS will dominate in a certain gland or organ.
- In general, activation of some receptor subtypes leads to stimulation of the effector, and activation of others to inhibition of the effector.
Adrenergic Receptors
- Epinephrine (EPI) released by the adrenal gland also binds to adrenergic receptors expressed on effectors.
- There are two main types of adrenergic receptors, namely, alpha and beta which have multiple subtypes.
- Activation of adrenergic receptors by NE or EPI may result in stimulation or inhibition of the effector depending on the tissue involved.
- Odd subtypes (α1, β1, β3) generally have stimulatory effects, while even subtypes (α2, β2) have inhibitory effects.
Effector Organs with Sympathetic and Parasympathetic effects
- Detailed table of sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on specific organs, including receptor types involved.
Blood vessels
- Sympathetic division regulates tension produced by vascular smooth muscle ↑ blood pressure via action on alpha-adrenoceptors.
- No parasympathetic innervation EXCEPT some sexual organs' erectile tissues.
The Heart, further details
- Sympathetic: Accelerate the heart rate (tachycardia). Positive inotropic effect, increase stroke volume . β1 receptors involved
- Parasympathetic: Slow the heart (bradycardia). Acetylcholine used, muscarinic receptors involved.
Respiratory Tract
- Sympathetic: Dilate the airways (mediated by β2 adrenoreceptors), and vasoconstrictor
- Parasympathetic: Produce bronchoconstriction (mediated by muscarinic receptors), and vasodilator.
Gastrointestinal Tract
- Sympathetic: Inhibitory on gastric smooth muscle
- Parasympathetic: Stimulatory on smooth muscles (increase motility), ↑ acid secretion, stimulatory(contract) sphincters
- Parasympathetic is stimulatory, and sympathetic is inhibitory, for this organ
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Removal of Acetylcholine
- Detailed diagram and description of the process.
Synthesis, Storage, Release, and Removal of Norepinephrine
- Detailed diagram and description of the process.
Muscarinic receptors
- Detailed table of subtype, location, and actions of specific M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 receptors
Nicotinic receptors
- Table clarifying the locations where each type of nicotinic receptor is found.
Sites of ACh release
- All preganglionic autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- All postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings
- Somatic nerves in skeletal muscle (end motor plate, NMJ)
- Exceptions: Sympathetic nerves to sweat glands, adrenal medulla, BVs in some skeletal muscles.
Sympathetic Nervous System, acting drugs
- Detailed analysis of the different types of sympathetic acting drugs.
Parasympathetic Nervous System, acting drugs
- Detailed analysis of the different types of parasympathetic acting drugs.
Pharmacological Actions of specific drugs
- Detailed actions of Cholinergic and Adrenergic drugs. Including uses, side effects and contraindications
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, covering key neurotransmitters, receptors, and the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how these systems interact and their physiological effects.
