Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What effect does contraction of sphincters and relaxation of the bladder wall have on urine?

  • Increases urine flow
  • Decreases bladder capacity
  • Causes urine retention (correct)
  • Promotes frequent urination

What is a result of decreased HCL secretion in the body?

  • Decreased motility and constipation (correct)
  • Increased digestive enzyme production
  • Increased gastric motility
  • Decreased nutrient absorption

Relaxation of which structure occurs during specific physiological processes?

  • Cardiac muscle
  • Sphincters
  • Uterine wall (correct)
  • Bladder wall

What can excessive contraction of sphincters lead to?

<p>Urine retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise from decreased motility due to reduced HCL secretion?

<p>Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of β2?

<p>Cold extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is a contraindication for the use of β2 medication?

<p>Raynaud’s disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a side effect of β2?

<p>Increased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted side effect related to dreams when using certain medications like β3?

<p>Vivid dreams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT classified as a contraindication for β2?

<p>Chronic fatigue syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important source of natural drugs?

<p>Plant sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal status of Clenbuterol for athletes?

<p>It is illegal for athletes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural drug derived from an animal source?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect does Clenbuterol have?

<p>An anabolic effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is known for producing an important antibiotic?

<p>Penicillium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a source of natural drugs?

<p>Synthetic processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition was Clenbuterol previously used?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is typically found in soil as a source of drugs?

<p>Calcium (Ca+2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the duration of Clenbuterol's effects?

<p>12 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason for the current non-use of Clenbuterol in treating asthma?

<p>It is considered illegal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the conversion of drugs from an active lipid-soluble state to an inactive water-soluble state for excretion?

<p>Biotransformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the conversion of inactive forms of drugs into their active forms?

<p>Bioactivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Captopril is an example of which type of drug transformation?

<p>A prodrug activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do drugs need to be converted from lipid-soluble to water-soluble forms?

<p>To enable excretion from the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of prodrugs like captopril?

<p>They require conversion to become active (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the content provided?

<p>Clinical uses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be considered irrelevant to the topic at hand?

<p>Pharmaceutical regulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is least likely to be related to clinical uses?

<p>Psychological effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is not commonly covered when discussing clinical uses?

<p>Frequency of visits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component in understanding clinical uses?

<p>Therapeutic outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urine Retention

Inability to urinate, caused by sphincter contraction and bladder wall relaxation.

Constipation Cause

Decreased stomach acid (HCL) and reduced bowel movement, leading to stool build-up.

Uterine Relaxation

A decrease in uterine muscle tension. Often associated with childbirth or post-birth.

HCL Secretion Decrease

Reduced production of hydrochloric acid (stomach acid).

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Reduced Motility

Slower movement or contraction of muscles in a system (like the digestive or urinary tracts).

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Clinical Uses (MED39)

Specific applications of a medication or treatment.

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Pharmacology team

A group of experts working on medications, and their effects on the body

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MED39 page 13

A specific page within a document or book related to a medication.

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Clinical use #1 (MED39)

The primary medical application of a pharmaceutical product.

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Pharmacology

The study of drugs and their effects on the body.

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β2 side effect

May cause bronchial asthma, hypoglycemia, fatigue, and cold extremities.

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β3 side effect

Can cause hyperlipidemia.

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Vivid dreams

Dreams that feel very real.

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Bronchial Asthma Contraindication

A condition where the airways of the lungs get narrowed, making breathing difficult.

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Diabetes Mellitus Contraindication

A condition characterized by high levels of blood sugar.

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Drug Source: Synthetic

Drugs created in a laboratory, not naturally occurring.

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Natural Drug Source: Plants

Plants are a major source of drugs, like digoxin and atropine.

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Drug Source: Animals

Some drugs come from animals, such as insulin from horses.

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Drug Source: Microorganisms

Microorganisms like fungi (penicillin) produce some drugs.

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Drug Source: Soil Minerals

Essential minerals like zinc, magnesium, and calcium can be found in soil.

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Drug Excretion

Transforming lipid-soluble drugs into water-soluble forms for easier elimination from the body.

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Prodrug Activation

Converting inactive prodrugs into their active forms.

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Lipid-soluble drugs

Drugs that dissolve easily in fats.

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Water-soluble drugs

Drugs that dissolve easily in water.

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Drug Metabolism

The overarching process of changing drugs from lipid-soluble to water-soluble forms, enabling their removal and activation (if applicable).

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Clenbuterol Long Duration

Clenbuterol's use extends for 12 hours.

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Clenbuterol Anabolic Effect

Clenbuterol has a muscle-building effect.

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Clenbuterol Athlete Use

Clenbuterol use in athletes is against the rules.

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Clenbuterol Asthma

Clenbuterol was once used for asthma, but it's illegal now.

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Illegal Athlete Drug

Substances that athletes are not allowed to use to improve their performance.

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Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology

  • Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology.
  • Pharmacodynamics involves the effects of drugs on the body, including how they work on specific parts of cells, and desired or undesired effects.
  • Pharmacokinetics focuses on the effects of the body on drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Absorption is the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream; factors include food, patient health, and drug properties.
  • Factors affecting absorption include patient-related aspects like food, health conditions (constipation or diarrhea), and drug-related aspects like liquid versus solid form, route of administration (oral vs. injection), and particle size.

Drug Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the first step in drug elimination, converting drugs from active (lipid-soluble) forms to inactive (water-soluble) forms, allowing excretion.
  • Factors affecting drug metabolism include liver health, age, and sex.
  • Drug-drug interactions can either increase or decrease metabolism.
  • Inducers stimulate metabolism, thus inactivating other drugs and impacting their effectiveness.
  • Inhibitors slow metabolism, potentially increasing the levels of other drugs, and causing toxicity.

Drug Distribution

  • Distribution refers to the spread of drugs throughout the body to reach various organs.
  • Binding to plasma proteins influences a drug's activity and duration of action.
  • Active drugs have a reduced duration when bound to plasma proteins while inactive drugs extend their duration because they are not readily effective in their protein-bound state. The non-protein-bound drugs will be active and their effects last for a relatively short duration.

Drug Excretion

  • Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body.
  • Kidneys primarily manage the process, but other pathways like the digestive system (GIT), sweat, tears, and exhalation also contribute.
  • Water-solubility significantly impacts excretion rates, with water-soluble drugs being excreted more readily.

Toxicology

  • Toxicology is the study of drug toxicity, covering toxic doses, symptoms, and treatment.

Drug Receptors

  • Agonists bind to receptors to produce similar effects as natural bodily neurotransmitters.
  • Antagonists block receptors, thus inhibiting the action of natural neurotransmitters.
  • Tolerance involves needing increased drug doses for the same effects.
  • Tachyphylaxis is rapid tolerance development.

Drug Dependence and Addiction

  • Dependence involves intense cravings upon cessation which can lead to central and peripheral withdrawal symptoms.
  • Addiction refers to severe psychological cravings with withdrawal symptoms.
  • Potency describes the strength or potency needed for a drug, given by the concentration of active constituents.
  • Efficacy is the maximum possible effect produced by a drug.
  • Onset of action is when effects begin, duration is when effects last before disappearing.

Therapeutic Index

  • The therapeutic index (TI) measures drug safety. Higher TIs reflect greater safety

Drug Monitoring

  • Blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), and absence of fever and headaches are important parameters for drug monitoring.

Direct and Indirect Agonists

  • Drugs can directly or indirectly enhance the action at the receptor site by activating or inhibiting the receptor binding process respectively.
  • Direct binding leads to direct receptor activation.
  • Indirect activation involves methods such as increasing the neurotransmitter concentration or inhibiting the metabolism of neurotransmitters Thus, promoting a longer duration of effect.

Specific Drug Groups

  • Specific drug groups, like cholinergic agonists, antagonists, sympathomimetics, and sympatholytics, each have unique actions and uses in various clinical settings.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in autonomic nervous system pharmacology, focusing on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism. You'll explore how drugs interact with the body and the factors affecting their absorption and elimination. Test your understanding of these critical pharmacological principles.

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