Autonomic Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of adrenergic receptor alpha-1 on the detrusor muscle?

  • Variable response
  • Relaxation
  • No effect
  • Contraction (correct)

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the erection of genitalia?

  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine

What is the primary action of presynaptic alpha-2 autoreceptors?

  • Increase neurotransmitter synthesis
  • Promote smooth muscle contraction
  • Inhibit NE release (correct)
  • Enhance ACh release

How do beta-2 adrenergic receptors affect the uterus?

<p>Relaxation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla?

<p>Secretion of epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adrenergic receptor subtype mediates relaxation of the sphincter muscle?

<p>Alpha-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Pilocarpine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is primarily associated with ejaculation and vaginal contraction?

<p>Alpha-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for the use of Varenicline?

<p>Smoking cessation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor subtype is associated with presynaptic inhibition of ACh release in autonomic nerve endings?

<p>Alpha-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is used to manage motion sickness?

<p>Scopolamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ipratropium in treatment protocols?

<p>Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a depolarizing nicotinic receptor antagonist used during surgical paralysis?

<p>Succinylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is utilized for facilitating bladder function in urinary retention?

<p>Bethanechol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is indicated for Parkinson's disease treatment?

<p>Trihexyphenidyl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication of Methacholine in clinical practice?

<p>Bronchoprovocation testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker?

<p>Rocuronium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is treated with Dobutamine?

<p>Cardiogenic shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a selective α2 receptor agonist used to treat hypertension?

<p>Clonidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used for asthma rescue therapy?

<p>Albuterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Tamsulosin?

<p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class does Pseudoephedrine belong to?

<p>Indirect sympathomimetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a β3 receptor agonist indicated for overactive bladder?

<p>Mirabegron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is primarily used to treat ADHD?

<p>Methylphenidate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ACh Receptor Agonists

Drugs that mimic the effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors.

Muscarinic Receptor

A type of acetylcholine receptor involved in many bodily functions.

Glaucoma treatment

Using Pilocarpine to manage high eye pressure in glaucoma.

Urinary Retention

A condition where the bladder struggles to empty properly.

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Smoking cessation

Stopping smoking.

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COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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Motion sickness

Nausea and vomiting caused by movement.

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Surgical paralysis

Temporary loss of muscle control during surgery.

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Urinary System: Detrusor Muscle

Muscle in the bladder wall responsible for urine expulsion. Contracted by parasympathetic stimulation (acetylcholine) and relaxed by sympathetic stimulation (norepinephrine).

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Urinary System: Sphincter Muscle

Muscle that controls the flow of urine from the bladder. Relaxed by parasympathetic stimulation (acetylcholine) and contracted by sympathetic stimulation (norepinephrine).

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Urinary System: Ureter

Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Relaxed by parasympathetic stimulation (acetylcholine) and contracted by sympathetic stimulation (norepinephrine).

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Reproductive System: Uterus

The organ where a baby develops during pregnancy. Can contract and relax depending on nervous system stimulation.

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Reproductive System: Genitalia

Male and female external sex organs. Parasympathetic stimulation (acetylcholine) causes erection, sympathetic stimulation (norepinephrine) causes ejaculation/vaginal contraction.

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Autonomic Nerve Endings: Autoreceptor

A receptor located on the presynaptic terminal that monitors neurotransmitter release. Inhibiting further neurotransmitter release when activated.

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Autonomic Nerve Endings: Heteroreceptor

A receptor located on the presynaptic terminal that monitors neurotransmitter release from a DIFFERENT neuron. Inhibiting Neurotransmitter release when activated.

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Adrenal Medulla

The core of the adrenal gland. Releases epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress.

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Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxant

A drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle relaxation. It is commonly used to paralyze muscles during surgery and to facilitate mechanical ventilation.

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Rocuronium

A nondepolarizing muscle relaxant that is used to relax skeletal muscles during surgery and to facilitate mechanical ventilation. It is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

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Epinephrine

A potent sympathomimetic drug that acts as a non-selective agonist at both α and β adrenergic receptors. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. It is used to treat anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and other medical emergencies.

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Pseudoephedrine

An indirect sympathomimetic drug that acts as a decongestant by stimulating α-adrenergic receptors in the nasal passages. It constricts blood vessels, reducing nasal congestion.

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Amphetamine

A stimulant that increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, leading to increased wakefulness, alertness, and focus. It is used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.

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Methylphenidate

A stimulant that increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. It is used to treat ADHD, as it promotes focus and attention.

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Phenylephrine

A selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used as a nasal decongestant. It constricts blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing congestion.

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Clonidine

An α2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypertension. It decreases sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system, lowering blood pressure. It can also be used to treat glaucoma.

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Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), acting as a conduit between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs.
  • It regulates subconscious functions of internal organs, modulated by input from the hypothalamus and brainstem, reacting to internal and external stimuli. This includes stimuli interpreted by brain regions like the limbic system and cerebral cortex.
  • The ANS maintains homeostasis by altering organ functions in response to various stimuli.
  • It employs a two-neuron efferent pathway.

Anatomical Connections

  • Parasympathetic: Preganglionic neurons originate in the craniosacral regions of the spinal cord/brainstem, projecting to ganglia near or within the effector organ.
  • Sympathetic: Preganglionic neurons arise in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord, projecting to ganglia near the spinal cord, specifically the sympathetic chain.
  • The adrenal medulla receives sympathetic innervation, releasing epinephrine directly into the bloodstream.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

  • All preganglionic axons release acetylcholine.
  • Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine.
  • Sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily release norepinephrine, with acetylcholine release from sweat glands.

Neurotransmitter Pathways

  • Acetylcholine synthesis and degradation mechanisms are involved.
  • Norepinephrine synthesis and degradation pathways are presented.
  • Epinephrine synthesis is detailed.

Receptor Types

  • Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels located at the neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic ganglia, and adrenal medulla.
  • Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found on effector organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, and in some cases, the sympathetic nervous system (like sweat glands).
  • Adrenergic receptors, also GPCRs, come in alpha (α1, α2) and beta (β1, β2, β3) subtypes, with diverse effects.

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Actions

  • Detailed tables outlining the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation on various organs, including pupil dilation/constriction, glandular secretions, heart rate, and blood vessel constriction/dilation, and other physiological effects.

Autonomic Tone

  • Autonomic tone is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, influencing organ function based on internal and external stimuli. An imbalance can be linked with various health conditions.

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), including its role in regulating subconscious functions and maintaining homeostasis. Explore the anatomical connections of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, as well as their pathways from the spinal cord and brainstem to peripheral organs.

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