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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about autonomic ganglia is false?
Which of the following statements about autonomic ganglia is false?
Which of the following pairs identifies a correct anatomical origin of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following pairs identifies a correct anatomical origin of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the autonomic ganglia?
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the autonomic ganglia?
How many relay connections occur in the autonomic ganglia during nerve impulse transmission?
How many relay connections occur in the autonomic ganglia during nerve impulse transmission?
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Which type of autonomic ganglia is exclusively responsible for sympathetic relay?
Which type of autonomic ganglia is exclusively responsible for sympathetic relay?
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What type of action occurs when the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart while the parasympathetic system inhibits it?
What type of action occurs when the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart while the parasympathetic system inhibits it?
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Which of the following is an example of antagonistic action between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which of the following is an example of antagonistic action between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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Which statement best describes complementary action between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which statement best describes complementary action between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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In which scenario do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems produce the same action?
In which scenario do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems produce the same action?
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Which organ receives single innervation solely by the sympathetic system?
Which organ receives single innervation solely by the sympathetic system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary actions like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
- It occupies both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS)
- The pathway from the CNS to an effector organ involves two neurons (except for the adrenal medulla)
- The first neuron, preganglionic fiber, is located in the CNS (e.g., cranial nerve nuclei or lateral horn of the spinal cord)
- The second neuron, postganglionic fiber, is within an autonomic ganglion and innervates the effector organ
ANS Divisions
- Anatomical divisions based on origin:
- Cranial: arises from cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, X)
- Thoracolumbar: arises from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord
- Sacral: arises from the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord
- Physiological divisions based on function:
- Sympathetic system (thoracolumbar)
- Parasympathetic system (craniosacral)
Autonomic Ganglia
- Definition: Collections of nerve cells outside the CNS where preganglionic and postganglionic fibers communicate
- Types:
- Lateral (paravertebral): along the vertebral column
- Collateral (prevertebral): in front of the aorta
- Terminal: in the walls of organs
Properties of ANS
- One-way communication: Impulses travel in one direction within the ANS (preganglionic to postganglionic)
- One relay: Signals usually pass through one ganglion in the ANS
- One chemical transmitter (mostly acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE))
- Delay: due to chemical transmission at synapses
Autonomic Nervous System Actions
- Reciprocal action: When one system is stimulated, the other is inhibited within the same organ (e.g. heart)
- Antagonistic action: Opposite actions on different effector tissues within the same organ (e.g., iris)
- Complementary action: Actions working together; e.g., grief (sympathetic for energy, parasympathetic for crying)
- Same action: Some organs receive input from both systems leading to similar effects (e.g., salivary glands)
- Single innervation: Single system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) supplies certain organs, e.g., adrenal medulla, skin
Sympathetic System
- Originates from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
- Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long
- Often described via "fight or flight" responses—increased heart rate, blood flow, respiration, etc.
Parasympathetic System
- Originates from Cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal nerves
- Preganglionic fibers are long, and postganglionic fibers are short
- Often described via "rest and digest" responses—decreased heart rate, digestion, etc.
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh): Released at all preganglionic neuron synapses, and by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and in the adrenal medulla.
- Norepinephrine (NE): Released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
- Adrenaline/Epinephrine: released by Adrenal medulla
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of the autonomic nervous system, including its control over involuntary actions and its two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. You will learn about the pathways involved from the central to the peripheral nervous systems and the anatomy related to each division. Test your understanding of how the ANS operates within the body's systems.
