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Questions and Answers
What primarily differentiates the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the autonomic nervous system?
What primarily differentiates the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the autonomic nervous system?
Which type of autonomic ganglia is located posterior to the aorta?
Which type of autonomic ganglia is located posterior to the aorta?
Which is a key characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
Which is a key characteristic of autonomic ganglia?
Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the consequence of the chemical transmission in the synapse of autonomic ganglia?
What is the consequence of the chemical transmission in the synapse of autonomic ganglia?
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What type of action occurs when one autonomic nervous system stimulates its pathway while inhibiting the other in the same organ?
What type of action occurs when one autonomic nervous system stimulates its pathway while inhibiting the other in the same organ?
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In which scenario do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems produce the same physiological effect on salivary glands?
In which scenario do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems produce the same physiological effect on salivary glands?
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Which of the following represents an organ that receives only sympathetic innervation?
Which of the following represents an organ that receives only sympathetic innervation?
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What type of autonomic action describes a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems facilitate different responses in various effector tissues of the same organ?
What type of autonomic action describes a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems facilitate different responses in various effector tissues of the same organ?
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During emotional grief, which of the following describes the overall action of the autonomic nervous system?
During emotional grief, which of the following describes the overall action of the autonomic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary actions like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
- It has both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) components.
- The pathway from CNS to effector organs has two neurons (except for the adrenal medulla)
- First neuron is the preganglionic neuron in the CNS.
- Second neuron is the postganglionic neuron in a ganglion.
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
- Anatomical divisions:
- Cranial (nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X)
- Thoracolumbar (thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord)
- Sacral (sacral segments of the spinal cord)
- Physiological Divisions:
- Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
- Parasympathetic (craniosacral)
Autonomic Ganglia
- Definition: Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS where preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers.
- Types:
- Lateral/paravertebral: Located along the vertebral column (sympathetic chain)
- Collateral/prevertebral: Located anterior to the aorta and vertebral column.
- Terminal: Located in the walls of target organs (mostly parasympathetic).
- Properties:
- One way transmission (from preganglionic to postganglionic).
- One relay (usually).
- Chemical transmitter (e.g., acetylcholine).
- Delay due to chemical transmission.
- Convergence/divergence (distribution centers).
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
- General Features:
- Most organs have both sympathetic & parasympathetic innervation,
- Innervation can follow reciprocal, antagonistic, complementary, or same action pathways.
- Some organs are innervated by only one system.
- Action Modes:
- Reciprocal action: Stimulation of one system inhibits the other at the same target.
- Antagonistic action: Opposite actions by sympathetic and parasympathetic on the same effector organ.
- Complementary: Sympathetic and parasympathetic actions work together (e.g., during grief or coitus).
- Same action: Stimulation of both causes the same effect (salivation).
- Single innervation: Some organs receive input from only one system (e.g., suprarenal medulla).
Horner's Syndrome
- Due to lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves.
- Characterized by miosis (constricted pupils), ptosis (drooping eyelids), enophthalmos (eyes appear sunken), anhidrosis (lack of sweating), and vasodilation of the skin.
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: Released by cholinergic neurons (central-Nicotinic receptors and peripheral-Muscarinic receptors)
- Catecholamines: Released by adrenergic neurons. Includes adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%). Adrenaline is primarily secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- Alpha receptors (α1 and α2) & Beta receptors (β1 and β2) are common receptors for catecholamines.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of the autonomic nervous system, including its control over involuntary actions and the dynamic pathway between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Additionally, it explores the anatomical and physiological divisions of the ANS, as well as the different types of autonomic ganglia.
