Autonomic Nervous System Overview
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Autonomic Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effector organs?

  • Postganglionic neurons (correct)
  • Interneurons
  • Preganglionic neurons (correct)
  • Sensory neurons

    • Which of the following are considered effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Glands (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Skin

    • What role do autonomic ganglia play in the autonomic nervous system?

  • They receive sensory information from the body.
  • They serve as communication hubs between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. (correct)
  • They process visual stimuli before reaching the brain.
  • They connect the CNS directly to effector organs.

    • Which cranial nerve is known as the vagus nerve?

    <p>Cranial nerve X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cholinergic receptors primarily associated with?

    <p>Binding acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nervous fibers transmit information from visceral receptors to the CNS?

    <p>Afferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is not associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Cranial nerve II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is important for maintaining homeostasis in relation to the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting sensory information from visceral receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of parasympathetic activity?

    <p>Increases gastrointestinal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes sympathetic activity?

    <p>Prepares the body for emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During tonic activity at rest, which of the following is true?

    <p>Both branches of the autonomic nervous system are active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a motor unit?

    <p>Includes one motor neuron and multiple muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gastrointestinal and urinary functions during sympathetic activity?

    <p>They are decreased to prioritize other bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for innervating skeletal muscle?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response is NOT associated with sympathetic activity?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic neurons at varicosities?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor does acetylcholine bind to at the effector cell?

    <p>Muscarinic cholinergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the synaptic space?

    <p>Acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of norepinephrine from the varicosity?

    <p>Action potential and Ca2+ influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is formed by the combination of choline and acetate?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of adrenergic receptors, which type is NOT associated with the release of norepinephrine?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does G protein play in the action of neurotransmitters at the effector cell?

    <p>It amplifies the signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is mentioned in the context of norepinephrine and its associated enzymatic activity?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate organs for homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily activated during stressful situations?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic activities typically interact?

    <p>They tend to be antagonistic to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily associated with the innervation of the lacrimal and salivary glands in the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Cranial nerve VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nervous system activities does the parasympathetic nervous system promote?

    <p>Rest and digest functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Most effector organs are innervated by both divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the action of the sympathetic nervous system on the lungs?

    <p>Increased dilation of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the sympathetic chain?

    <p>Cervical ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cholinergic receptor is involved in opening cation channels?

    <p>Nicotinic cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptor type is most commonly associated with excitatory responses?

    <p>Alpha adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of beta adrenergic receptors?

    <p>They activate cAMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are beta 1 adrenergic receptors predominantly found?

    <p>In cardiac muscle and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response do beta 2 adrenergic receptors typically mediate?

    <p>Inhibitory effects in smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuroeffector junction refers to which of the following?

    <p>The junction between postganglionic neurons and effectors in the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adrenergic receptor has a greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine?

    <p>Beta 2 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cation channel opening in the context of nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

    <p>Depolarization of the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dual Innervation of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
    • Both branches innervate most organs, working antagonistically to maintain homeostasis
    • Parasympathetic dominates during rest and relaxation (rest and digest)
    • Sympathetic dominates during stress and emergency (fight-or-flight)

    Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • Two types of neurons connect the central nervous system (CNS) to effector organs: preganglionic and postganglionic
    • Autonomic ganglia serve as communication hubs between pre- and postganglionic neurons
    • Effector organs include muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

    Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Parasympathetic nerves include cranial and spinal nerves
    • Cranial nerves:
      • Vagus nerve (X)
      • Oculomotor nerve (III)
      • Facial nerve (VII)
      • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
    • Spinal nerves:
      • Pelvic nerves are independent of somatic spinal nerves

    The Mixed Composition of Autonomic Nerves

    • Autonomic nerves contain both efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) fibers
    • Sensory fibers carry visceral receptor information to the CNS, important for homeostasis

    Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Receptors

    • Cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine, more common
    • Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine

    Types of Cholinergic Receptors

    • Nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ionotropic):
      • Open cation channels, causing depolarization
    • Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (metabotropic):
      • G protein coupled, effects vary by target cell

    Types of Adrenergic Receptors

    • Two main classes: alpha (α) and beta (β)
    • Both classes have subclasses, all are coupled to G proteins

    Properties of α Adrenergic Receptors

    • Located in sympathetic effector organs, promoting excitation
    • More common than β receptors
    • Higher affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine

    Properties of β Adrenergic Receptors

    • Activate cAMP, vary in affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine
    • β1: Located in cardiac muscle and kidneys, usually excitatory, equal affinity for both neurotransmitters
    • β2: Located in blood vessels and some smooth muscle, usually inhibitory, higher affinity for epinephrine

    Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions

    • Synapses between efferent neurons and effector organs in the ANS
    • Neuroeffector junction:
      • Between postganglionic neuron and effector organ
      • Neurotransmitters stored in axon swellings called varicosities
      • Released in response to postganglionic action potential

    Regulation of Autonomic Function

    • Parasympathetic activity:
      • Prevalent during relaxed states, "rest and digest"
      • Increases gastrointestinal activity
      • Decreases heart rate and blood pressure
    • Sympathetic activity:
      • "Fight-or-flight" response, prepares for stress or emergency
      • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
      • Mobilizes energy stores
      • Dilates pupils
      • Decreases gastrointestinal and urinary functions

    Tonic Activity at Rest

    • Both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches are active at rest
    • Parasympathetic activity dominates in resting states

    Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System

    • Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle
    • Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
    • Receptors on skeletal muscle: nicotinic cholinergic

    Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System

    • Motor unit: One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
    • Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle
    • One motor neuron innervates multiple muscle fibers
    • Each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron

    Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System

    • Muscle fibers are grouped into motor units, each controlled by a single motor neuron

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    A&P II Ch. 11 Narrated.pptx PDF

    Description

    Explore the dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Understand how these systems maintain homeostasis through their contrasting functions and the anatomy of the neurons involved. Learn about key cranial and spinal nerves in the parasympathetic system.

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