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Questions and Answers
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the pancreas?
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the gall bladder?
What happens to the heart rate under parasympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect on the urinary sphincter?
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What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on bronchioles?
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Which gland experiences greatly increased secretion under parasympathetic stimulation?
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What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the secretion of sweat glands?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system affect intestinal motility?
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What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the muscles of the bladder?
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Which effect is NOT associated with sympathetic stimulation in the digestive system?
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Which type of fibers are predominantly secreted by the postganglionic sympathetic nerves?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with parasympathetic outflow?
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Where do the ganglia of sympathetic nerves typically lie?
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What type of fibers do the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons primarily release?
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In which region do sympathetic fibers originate from the spinal cord?
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What describes the nature of the autonomic nervous system's function?
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Which of the following accurately describes the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division?
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Which sympathetic structure is responsible for transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the sympathetic trunk?
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What is the general effect of the sympathetic nervous system on digestive organs?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls internal organs and glands without conscious effort.
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Responsible for regulating smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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Functions through reflexes, where sensory neurons detect stimuli, which are processed by the brain or spinal cord, then motor neurons trigger actions in effector organs.
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Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, generally working in opposition. Sympathetic nerves excite (except some digestive organs), and parasympathetic nerves inhibit (except some digestive organs).
Sympathetic Division
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Most sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine, known as adrenergic fibers.
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Ganglia are located close to the CNS, along the vertebral column.
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Fibers originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (mostly thoracic) (T1 - L2).
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Characterized by short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.
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Preganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord produce the lateral horns.
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Preganglionic fibers leave the cord via the ventral root, pass through the white ramus communicans, and enter the paravertebral chain ganglion, forming part of the sympathetic trunk (chain).
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All sympathetic preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine.
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Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.
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Postganglionic fibers run from the ganglion to the organs they supply.
Parasympathetic Division
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Preganglionic fibers arise from the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord (S2 - S4).
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Ganglia are near the visceral organs they serve.
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Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers.
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All fibers release acetylcholine (cholinergic fibers).
Cranial Nerves with Parasympathetic Outflow
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Oculomotor nerve III
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Facial nerve VII
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Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
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Vagus nerve X
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Vagus nerve branches within the thorax:
- Cardiac: supply the heart.
- Pulmonary: supply the lungs and bronchi.
- Esophageal: supply the esophagus.
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Vagus nerve forms the Vagal Trunk upon reaching the esophagus.
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Effects of Autonomic Stimulation
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Skin:
- Apocrine gland
- Sympathetic: ↑ secretion
- Parasympathetic: No Action
- Eccrine gland
- Sympathetic: ↑ secretion
- Parasympathetic: No Action
- Apocrine gland
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Special senses:
- Iris of eye
- Sympathetic: dilation
- Parasympathetic: constriction
- Tear gland
- Sympathetic: inhibitory
- Parasympathetic: greatly ↑ secretion
- Iris of eye
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Endocrine system:
- Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla
- Sympathetic: ↑ secretion
- Parasympathetic: No Action
- Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla
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Digestive system:
- Gall bladder
- Sympathetic: relaxation
- Parasympathetic: contraction
- Intestine
- Sympathetic: ↓ peristaltic Action
- Parasympathetic: ↑ peristaltic Action
- Pancreas
- Sympathetic: ↓ secretion
- Parasympathetic: ↑secretion
- Gall bladder
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Respiratory system:
- Sympathetic: dilate bronchioles
- Parasympathetic: constrict bronchioles
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Heart muscle:
- Sympathetic: ↑rate of heartbeat
- Parasympathetic: ↓ rate of heartbeat
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Blood vessels
- Supplying skin and other blood vessels
- Sympathetic: constriction
- Parasympathetic: no action
- Supplying skin and other blood vessels
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Muscles of bladder:
- Sympathetic: relaxation
- Parasympathetic: contraction
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Urinary sphincter:
- Sympathetic: contraction
- Parasympathetic: relaxation
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Penis:
- Sympathetic: causes erection
- Parasympathetic: causes ejaculation
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Vagina:
- Sympathetic: causes erection of clitoris
- Parasympathetic: causes contraction of vagina
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the Autonomic Nervous System, which controls internal organs and glands autonomously. Dive into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, their reflexive functions, and the organization of sympathetic nerves along the spinal cord.
