Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Which of the following is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
- Glands in the skin
- Cardiac muscle of the heart
- Smooth muscle of the digestive tract
- Skeletal muscle of the biceps brachii (correct)
The somatic nervous system uses a two-neuron chain to reach its effectors, allowing for modulation of the signal at a ganglion.
The somatic nervous system uses a two-neuron chain to reach its effectors, allowing for modulation of the signal at a ganglion.
False (B)
What specific neurotransmitter is released by all somatic motor neurons, and what is its general effect on the target cells?
What specific neurotransmitter is released by all somatic motor neurons, and what is its general effect on the target cells?
Acetylcholine (ACh); excitatory
In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers release ______, while postganglionic fibers release either norepinephrine or ______, depending on the target organ and receptor type.
In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers release ______, while postganglionic fibers release either norepinephrine or ______, depending on the target organ and receptor type.
Match each description with the corresponding division of the autonomic nervous system:
Match each description with the corresponding division of the autonomic nervous system:
During a stressful situation, which of the following physiological responses is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?
During a stressful situation, which of the following physiological responses is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system is primarily active during physical exercise and intense activity.
The parasympathetic nervous system is primarily active during physical exercise and intense activity.
What are the 'D activities' associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, and what do they generally entail?
What are the 'D activities' associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, and what do they generally entail?
The sympathetic division is characterized by having short ______ fibers and long ______ fibers, with ganglia located close to the spinal cord.
The sympathetic division is characterized by having short ______ fibers and long ______ fibers, with ganglia located close to the spinal cord.
Match the following control functions with the appropriate region:
Match the following control functions with the appropriate region:
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Visceral reflexes are typically monosynaptic, providing a direct and rapid response without interneurons.
Visceral reflexes are typically monosynaptic, providing a direct and rapid response without interneurons.
What role does the hypothalamus play in the autonomic nervous system, and what types of functions does it control?
What role does the hypothalamus play in the autonomic nervous system, and what types of functions does it control?
The parasympathetic division is responsible for activities associated with keeping body ______ use low, such as digestion and ______.
The parasympathetic division is responsible for activities associated with keeping body ______ use low, such as digestion and ______.
Match each characteristic with the correct division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Match each characteristic with the correct division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Which of the following accurately describes a key difference in neurotransmitter effects between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Which of the following accurately describes a key difference in neurotransmitter effects between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
The location of ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system is typically close to the spinal cord, allowing for quick and widespread responses.
The location of ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system is typically close to the spinal cord, allowing for quick and widespread responses.
What is the 'fight-or-flight' system, and which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with it?
What is the 'fight-or-flight' system, and which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with it?
The effect of the ANS on a target organ is dependent upon the ______ released and the ______ type of the effector.
The effect of the ANS on a target organ is dependent upon the ______ released and the ______ type of the effector.
Match the following characteristics to the appropriate efferent pathway:
Match the following characteristics to the appropriate efferent pathway:
Flashcards
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands, making adjustments to support body activities via subconscious control.
ANS Effectors
ANS Effectors
The ANS effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
ANS Axon Structure
ANS Axon Structure
A two-neuron chain where the preganglionic neuron has a lightly myelinated axon and the ganglionic neuron extends to the effector organ.
Somatic Motor Neurons
Somatic Motor Neurons
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ANS Neurotransmitters
ANS Neurotransmitters
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Sympathetic Division
Sympathetic Division
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Parasympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
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Sympathetic Anatomy
Sympathetic Anatomy
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Parasympathetic Anatomy
Parasympathetic Anatomy
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Visceral Reflexes
Visceral Reflexes
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic Control
Hypothalamic Control
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Study Notes
- The autonomic nervous system is composed of motor neurons.
- These neurons innervate smooth and cardiac muscle, as well as glands.
- The autonomic nervous system makes adjustments for optimal body support.
- It operates via subconscious control.
- Viscera are the main effectors of the the autonomic nervous system.
ANS vs. SNS
- The Autonomic Nervous System differs from the Somatic Nervous System in effectors, efferent pathways, and target organ responses.
Effectors
- Skeletal muscles effect the SNS.
- Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands effect the ANS.
Efferent pathways
- In the SNS heavily myelinated axons of the somatic motor neurons extend from the CNS to the effector.
- The ANS uses a two-neuron chain.
- The preganglionic neuron (first) has a lightly myelinated axon.
- The ganglionic neuron (second) extends to an effector organ.
Neurotransmitter effects
- All somatic motor neurons release Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an excitatory effect.
- In the ANS:
- Preganglionic fibers release ACh.
- Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh, and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory.
- The effect on the target organ depends on the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector.
Divisions of the ANS
- The two divisions of the ANS are the sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations.
- The parasympathetic division carries out maintenance activities and conserves body energy.
- The two divisions counterbalance each other's activity.
Role of the Parasympathetic Division
- This division keeps body energy use low.
- It involves the "D" activities: digestion and defecation.
- Its activity is evident in a relaxed person after a meal.
- Their blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low.
- Gastrointestinal tract activity is high.
- The skin is warm, and the pupils are constricted.
Role of the Sympathetic Division
- The sympathetic division is the "fight-or-flight" system.
- It involves "E" activities: exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
- This promotes adjustments during exercise.
- Blood flow to organs is reduced, and flow to muscles is increased.
- The activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened.
- Their heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep.
- The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate.
Anatomy of the ANS
- The sympathetic division has a short preganglionic fiber length and long postganglionic fiber length, with ganglia close to the spinal cord.
- The parasympathetic division has a long preganglionic fiber length and short postganglionic fiber length, with ganglia in the visceral effector organs.
Visceral Reflexes
- Visceral reflexes have the same elements as somatic reflexes.
- They are always polysynaptic pathways.
- Afferent fibers are located in spinal and autonomic nerves.
Levels of ANS Control
- The hypothalamus is the main integration center of ANS activity.
- Subconscious cerebral input via limbic lobe connections influences hypothalamic function.
- Other controls come from the cerebral cortex, the reticular formation, and the spinal cord.
Hypothalamic Control
- Centers of the hypothalamus control:
- Heart activity and blood pressure.
- Body temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity.
- Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex).
- Reactions to fear and the "fight-or-flight" system.
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