ANS : Lecture 15
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic system?

  • To control urinary bladder emptying
  • To increase heart rate and respiration during physical activity
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To conserve and store energy (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Cognitive functions (correct)
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Urinary bladder emptying
  • Gastrointestinal motility

    • What is the origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?

  • Thoracolumbar system
  • Craniosacral system (correct)
  • Intermediolateral nucleus of segments T1 - L3
  • Sacral spinal cord only

    • What is the role of the sympathetic system during stress?

    <p>To enable vigorous physical activity with rapid production of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system that arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves?

    <p>Craniosacral system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target organ of the sympathetic system?

    <p>Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the basal rates of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To establish tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

    <p>Thoracolumbar system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>The sympathetic system is responsible for fight or flight and the parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of axons do postganglionic neurons have?

    <p>Unmyelinated C fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of postganglionic neurons in relation to target tissue?

    <p>Can excite or inhibit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic neurons?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the structure of postganglionic neurons?

    <p>They have varicosities distributed along their length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception to the sympathetic neurons releasing norepinephrine?

    <p>Synapse with renal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the sympathetic system to respond to physical or emotional stress?

    <p>Sympathetic tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is innervated by postganglionic neurons?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons that synapse with glands?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids?

    <p>Zona Glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sympathetic neurons that release norepinephrine?

    <p>Adrenergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Tone?

    <p>Restoring the body to a state of relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the Zona Reticularis?

    <p>DHEA and Androstenedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on heart rate?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone does the adrenal cortex produce?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ALPHA receptors on arterioles of visceral organs?

    <p>Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Adrenal Medulla?

    <p>Ectodermal origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the adrenal glands?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Tone on heart rate and contraction force?

    <p>Decrease in heart rate and contraction force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a short-term effect of the massive coordinated output?

    <p>Longer lasting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catecholamines in the stress response?

    <p>Increasing the body's ability to perform vigorous activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on blood glucose and free fatty acids concentration?

    <p>Increased concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the Zona Fasciculata?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Tone on intestinal motility?

    <p>Increase in intestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT affected by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on arousal state?

    <p>Increased arousal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the adrenal glands?

    <p>3 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ALPHA 2 on insulin secretion?

    <p>Inhibits insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of BETA 1 receptors in the heart?

    <p>Increase heart rate and force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of baroreceptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta?

    <p>Detecting systemic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of BETA 2 receptors on skeletal muscle?

    <p>Vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of BETA 3 receptors on adipose tissue?

    <p>Stimulation of lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the control of blood pressure?

    <p>Processing information and coordinating an appropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ALPHA 2 receptors on glucagon release?

    <p>Stimulates glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stretch receptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta?

    <p>Detecting systemic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of BETA 2 receptors on the airways?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle in airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the definition/description to the corresponding receptors.

    <p>Alpha 1 = Increase breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle; dilates pupils Alpha 2 = Inhibits insulin secretion and increases glucagon release Beta 1 = Increase heart rate and force of contraction of each heartbeat Beta 3 = Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue therefore increase FA availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine is synthesized in the terminal endings and varicosities of _____________ fibers.

    <p>Cholinergic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norepinephrine is synthesized in the ________ of terminal endings and at ___________ vesicles. _________ is produced in the process to making norepinephrine.

    <p>Axoplasm , secretory , dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitters will bind to ___________ or ________ receptors at the postsynaptic neuron. This causes a change in cell membrane _________ to one or more ions.

    <p>Metabotropic , ionotripic , permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic receptors, and Muscarinic receptors are ionotropic receptors

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both adrenergic receptors and dopaminergic receptors are metabotropic receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the nicotinic receptor subtypes.

    <p>There is N1 or Nm, and N2 or Nn. N1/Nm are receptors for the neuromuscular junction, and N2/Nn are receptors for autonomic ganglia, CNS and and renal medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors have on postganglionic neurons?

    <p>It causes depolarization and excitation of the neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are muscarinic receptors primarily located?

    <p>On effector tissues' cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates muscarinic receptors in terms of response to acetylcholine?

    <p>Their effects can vary between excitatory and inhibitory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when acetylcholine is released from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

    <p>It activates muscarinic receptors on effector tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do G proteins play in muscarinic receptors?

    <p>They mediate intracellular effects via second messenger systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Controls visceral functions and glandular secretions
    • Regulates various bodily functions, including:
      • Atrial pressure
      • Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
      • Urinary bladder emptying
      • Body temperature

    Parasympathetic System

    • Responsible for processes that conserve and store energy
    • Involved in day-to-day control of basic visceral functions
    • Functions include:
      • Breathing at rest
      • Digestion
      • Elimination of waste
    • Arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
    • Craniosacral system consists of preganglionic neurons located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord

    Sympathetic System

    • Target organs include:
      • Sweat glands
      • Piloerector muscles
      • Blood vessels
    • Functions when the animal is stressed
    • Enables vigorous physical activity with rapid production of energy
    • Increases heart rate, respiration, and changes blood flow to activate muscles and dilate pupils
    • Thoracolumbar system consists of sympathetic preganglionic neurons from the intermediolateral nucleus of segments T1-L3

    Postganglionic Neurons

    • Have slow conducting unmyelinated axons (C fibers)
    • Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue
    • Can excite or inhibit target tissue
    • Have varicosities distributed along the length of branches

    Neurotransmitters

    • Parasympathetic system: cholinergic, releasing acetylcholine
    • Sympathetic system: adrenergic, releasing norepinephrine
    • Exceptions:
      • Synapse with glands: cholinergic
      • Synapse with renal vessels: dopaminergic

    Sympathetic Tone

    • Under physical or emotional stress, the sympathetic system is capable of massive coordinated output with widespread effects
    • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
    • Pupil dilation
    • Elevation of blood glucose and free fatty acids concentration
    • Increased arousal state

    Adrenal Gland

    • Adrenal Cortex:
      • Mesoderm origin
      • Steroid hormones
      • 3 layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
    • Adrenal Medulla:
      • Ectodermal origin
      • Postganglionic neurons of SNS
      • Secretes catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine

    Stress Response

    • Massive discharge of catecholamines
    • Increases the body's ability to perform vigorous activity
    • ALPHA receptors: contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle, increasing blood pressure
    • BETA receptors: increase heart rate and force of contraction, increase renin release, and vasodilation of skeletal muscle

    Autonomic Reflexes

    • Homeostatic reflexes
    • Control blood pressure
    • Important in maintaining sufficient brain blood flow
    • Stretch receptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta detect systemic blood pressure
    • Baroreceptor to measure blood pressure
    • Afferent neuron carries information to the medulla oblongata
    • Brainstem centers (medulla) process the information and coordinate an appropriate response
    • Efferent neurons direct changes in the heart and blood vessels

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Acetylcholine (ACh) interacts with two types of cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic.

    Nicotinic Receptors

    • Located on the cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
    • ACh released from preganglionic neurons binds to nicotinic receptors, leading to rapid cellular permeability changes to Na+ and Ca++ ions.
    • The influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions results in depolarization and excitation of postganglionic neurons in ANS pathways.

    Muscarinic Receptors

    • Found on the cell membranes of effector tissues and linked to G proteins and second messenger systems for intracellular signaling.
    • ACh released from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (such as those innervating sweat glands) binds to muscarinic receptors.
    • The effect of muscarinic receptors can be either inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the tissue type.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the autonomic nervous system's control over various visceral functions and glandular secretions, including atrial pressure, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, urinary bladder emptying, and body temperature regulation.

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