51 Questions
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic system?
To conserve and store energy
Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Cognitive functions
What is the origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
Craniosacral system
What is the role of the sympathetic system during stress?
To enable vigorous physical activity with rapid production of energy
What is the name of the system that arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves?
Craniosacral system
What is the target organ of the sympathetic system?
Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and blood vessels
What is the purpose of the basal rates of the autonomic nervous system?
To establish tone
What is the origin of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons?
Thoracolumbar system
What is the primary difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
The sympathetic system is responsible for fight or flight and the parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest
What type of axons do postganglionic neurons have?
Unmyelinated C fibers
What is the main function of postganglionic neurons in relation to target tissue?
Can excite or inhibit
What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic neurons?
Acetylcholine
What is unique about the structure of postganglionic neurons?
They have varicosities distributed along their length
What is the exception to the sympathetic neurons releasing norepinephrine?
Synapse with renal vessels
What is the term for the ability of the sympathetic system to respond to physical or emotional stress?
Sympathetic tone
What type of muscle is innervated by postganglionic neurons?
Smooth muscle
What is the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons that synapse with glands?
Acetylcholine
Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids?
Zona Glomerulosa
What is the term for the sympathetic neurons that release norepinephrine?
Adrenergic
What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Tone?
Restoring the body to a state of relaxation
Which hormone is produced by the Zona Reticularis?
DHEA and Androstenedione
What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on heart rate?
Increased heart rate
Which type of hormone does the adrenal cortex produce?
Steroid hormones
What is the effect of ALPHA receptors on arterioles of visceral organs?
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
What is the origin of the Adrenal Medulla?
Ectodermal origin
What is the origin of the adrenal glands?
Mesoderm
What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Tone on heart rate and contraction force?
Decrease in heart rate and contraction force
Which of the following is NOT a short-term effect of the massive coordinated output?
Longer lasting effects
What is the function of catecholamines in the stress response?
Increasing the body's ability to perform vigorous activity
What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on blood glucose and free fatty acids concentration?
Increased concentration
Which hormone is produced by the Zona Fasciculata?
Cortisol
What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Tone on intestinal motility?
Increase in intestinal motility
Which of the following organs is NOT affected by the sympathetic nervous system?
Pancreas
What is the effect of the massive coordinated output on arousal state?
Increased arousal state
Which of the following is a characteristic of the adrenal glands?
3 layers
What is the effect of ALPHA 2 on insulin secretion?
Inhibits insulin secretion
What is the function of BETA 1 receptors in the heart?
Increase heart rate and force of contraction
What is the role of baroreceptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta?
Detecting systemic blood pressure
What is the effect of BETA 2 receptors on skeletal muscle?
Vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles
What is the effect of BETA 3 receptors on adipose tissue?
Stimulation of lipolysis
What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the control of blood pressure?
Processing information and coordinating an appropriate response
What is the effect of ALPHA 2 receptors on glucagon release?
Stimulates glucagon release
What is the function of stretch receptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta?
Detecting systemic blood pressure
What is the effect of BETA 2 receptors on the airways?
Relaxation of smooth muscle in airways
Match the definition/description to the corresponding receptors.
Alpha 1 = Increase breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle; dilates pupils Alpha 2 = Inhibits insulin secretion and increases glucagon release Beta 1 = Increase heart rate and force of contraction of each heartbeat Beta 3 = Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue therefore increase FA availability
Acetylcholine is synthesized in the terminal endings and varicosities of _____________ fibers.
Cholinergic nerve
Norepinephrine is synthesized in the ________ of terminal endings and at ___________ vesicles. _________ is produced in the process to making norepinephrine.
Axoplasm , secretory , dopamine
In postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitters will bind to ___________ or ________ receptors at the postsynaptic neuron. This causes a change in cell membrane _________ to one or more ions.
Metabotropic , ionotripic , permeability
Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic receptors, and Muscarinic receptors are ionotropic receptors
False
Both adrenergic receptors and dopaminergic receptors are metabotropic receptors.
True
List the nicotinic receptor subtypes.
There is N1 or Nm, and N2 or Nn. N1/Nm are receptors for the neuromuscular junction, and N2/Nn are receptors for autonomic ganglia, CNS and and renal medulla.
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Controls visceral functions and glandular secretions
- Regulates various bodily functions, including:
- Atrial pressure
- Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
- Urinary bladder emptying
- Body temperature
Parasympathetic System
- Responsible for processes that conserve and store energy
- Involved in day-to-day control of basic visceral functions
- Functions include:
- Breathing at rest
- Digestion
- Elimination of waste
- Arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
- Craniosacral system consists of preganglionic neurons located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
Sympathetic System
- Target organs include:
- Sweat glands
- Piloerector muscles
- Blood vessels
- Functions when the animal is stressed
- Enables vigorous physical activity with rapid production of energy
- Increases heart rate, respiration, and changes blood flow to activate muscles and dilate pupils
- Thoracolumbar system consists of sympathetic preganglionic neurons from the intermediolateral nucleus of segments T1-L3
Postganglionic Neurons
- Have slow conducting unmyelinated axons (C fibers)
- Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue
- Can excite or inhibit target tissue
- Have varicosities distributed along the length of branches
Neurotransmitters
- Parasympathetic system: cholinergic, releasing acetylcholine
- Sympathetic system: adrenergic, releasing norepinephrine
- Exceptions:
- Synapse with glands: cholinergic
- Synapse with renal vessels: dopaminergic
Sympathetic Tone
- Under physical or emotional stress, the sympathetic system is capable of massive coordinated output with widespread effects
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Pupil dilation
- Elevation of blood glucose and free fatty acids concentration
- Increased arousal state
Adrenal Gland
- Adrenal Cortex:
- Mesoderm origin
- Steroid hormones
- 3 layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
- Adrenal Medulla:
- Ectodermal origin
- Postganglionic neurons of SNS
- Secretes catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Stress Response
- Massive discharge of catecholamines
- Increases the body's ability to perform vigorous activity
- ALPHA receptors: contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle, increasing blood pressure
- BETA receptors: increase heart rate and force of contraction, increase renin release, and vasodilation of skeletal muscle
Autonomic Reflexes
- Homeostatic reflexes
- Control blood pressure
- Important in maintaining sufficient brain blood flow
- Stretch receptors in the internal carotid artery and aorta detect systemic blood pressure
- Baroreceptor to measure blood pressure
- Afferent neuron carries information to the medulla oblongata
- Brainstem centers (medulla) process the information and coordinate an appropriate response
- Efferent neurons direct changes in the heart and blood vessels
This quiz covers the autonomic nervous system's control over various visceral functions and glandular secretions, including atrial pressure, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, urinary bladder emptying, and body temperature regulation.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
