Autonomic and Endocrine Systems Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Name the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Which of these neurotransmitters are released by the sympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply)

Epinephrine (correct)

Dopamine

Norepinephrine (correct)

Acetylcholine

What is the location of the preganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

What is the location of the postganglionic cell bodies in the parasympathetic nervous system?

The postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the parasympathetic ganglia, which are situated near or within the target organ. Signup and view all the answers

What organ is made up of sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and what happens when these neurons are stimulated?

The adrenal medulla is made up of sympathetic postganglionic neurons. When stimulated, these neurons release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of receptors that bind to acetylcholine and what is the difference?

The two types of receptors that bind to acetylcholine are nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are found in skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system. They are ionotropic, meaning they directly open ion channels when acetylcholine binds. Muscarinic receptors are found on organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system and are metabotropic, meaning they activate second messenger systems when acetylcholine binds. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of receptors that bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors. These receptors are classified into two main subtypes: alpha receptors (α1 and α2) and beta receptors (β1, β2, and β3). Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of dual innervation? How does this relate to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Dual innervation refers to the situation where a single organ receives innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This allows for fine-tuned control of organ function, with the two systems often having opposing effects. Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a primary and secondary endocrine organ.

Primary endocrine organs directly produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, such as the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and gonads. Secondary endocrine organs, like the hypothalamus, produce hormones that regulate the function of primary endocrine organs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main chemical classes of hormones?

The two main chemical classes of hormones are amino-acid based hormones and steroid hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key differences between steroid hormones and peptide hormones in how they are produced, stored, and transported.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble, allowing them to diffuse through cell membranes. They are produced and stored in the endocrine cell, released from the cell by diffusion, and transported in the blood bound to carrier proteins. Peptide hormones, on the other hand, are water-soluble and are produced and stored in the endocrine cell as inactive precursors. They are released from the cell by exocytosis and transported in the blood unbound. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the locations of target cell receptors for steroid and peptide hormones.

Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors, which are transmembrane proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, can easily cross cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors located within the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the anterior pituitary gland receives signals from the hypothalamus to control its hormone secretion.

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. Neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus are released into the blood vessels of this portal system, carrying signals to the anterior pituitary gland, where they bind to specific receptors and stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thyroid gland in the body, and how is its hormone production regulated?

The thyroid gland is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. The production and release of thyroid hormones are regulated by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, and what are their primary targets and effects?

The anterior pituitary gland secretes four major hormones: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). TSH targets the thyroid gland and stimulates the production of thyroid hormones. ACTH targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the production of cortisol. FSH targets the gonads and stimulates the production of gametes in both males and females. LH targets the gonads and stimulates the production of sex hormones and ovulation in females. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the endocrine system important for maintaining homeostasis?

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various physiological processes through the release of hormones. These hormones act on specific target organs to ensure that the body's internal environment remains stable despite external fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

The two hormones produced by the hypothalamus that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

The three layers of the heart wall are the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures of the heart with their correct descriptions:

Atria = Thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the body and lungs Ventricles = Thick-walled chambers that pump blood to the body and lungs Tricuspid valve = Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid valve = Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary valve = Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic valve = Valve located between the left ventricle and aorta Papillary muscles = Small muscle projections that attach to chordae tendineae and help stabilize the atrioventricular valves Chordae tendineae = Tough, fibrous cords that attach to the papillary muscles and the atrioventricular valves Fibrous skeleton = A framework of dense connective tissue that provides structural support for the heart and electrically insulates the atria from the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the phases of autorhythmic and contractile cardiac muscle action potentials?

Autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells, which are also called pacemaker cells, have action potentials that are spontaneously generated and exhibit a slower rate of depolarization. These cells do not contribute to the force of contraction. Contractile cardiac muscle cells, on the other hand, exhibit action potentials that are triggered by the depolarization of autorhythmic cells. They have a rapid rate of depolarization and a plateau phase, which allows for a sustained contraction of the cardiac muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the SA node in the heart.

The SA node is the heart's primary pacemaker. It initiates the electrical signals that trigger heart contractions. The SA node's ability to spontaneously depolarize at a faster rate than other cardiac cells determines the heart's normal rhythm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the plateau phase in the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell?

The plateau phase in the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell is crucial for maintaining a sustained contraction of the cardiac muscle. This prolonged depolarization is essential for ensuring effective blood ejection from the ventricles during each heartbeat. Signup and view all the answers

List the parts of the electrical conduction system of the heart in the correct sequence for one contraction.

The correct sequence of the electrical conduction system of the heart for one contraction is: SA node, atria, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration in terms of how the thoracic cavity changes and how pressure changes?

Inspiration involves the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which expands the thoracic cavity and reduces pressure inside the cavity. This decrease in pressure allows air to rush into the lungs. Expiration, on the other hand, involves relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which reduces the size of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure inside the cavity. This increase in pressure forces air out of the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between breathing at rest and respiratory distress.

Breathing at rest is a normal, rhythmic pattern of inhalation and exhalation that occurs without any conscious effort. Respiratory distress, on the other hand, refers to difficulty breathing, often accompanied by shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and wheezing. It can be caused by various conditions, such as asthma, pneumonia, and heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of vital capacity?

Vital capacity refers to the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It represents the total amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of surfactant in the lungs.

Surfactant is a substance produced by the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and allowing for efficient gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of forces that act on lung tissue during ventilation?

The two main types of forces that act on lung tissue during ventilation are inward forces (elastic recoil and surface tension) and outward forces (chest wall expansion and pleural pressure). Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen travel from the air we breathe to the cells in our body?

Oxygen enters the body through the respiratory system, where it diffuses across the alveoli and enters the bloodstream. Oxygen then binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported throughout the body, where it is released to cells for cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon dioxide travel from the cells to the outside of the body?

Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration. It diffuses from cells into the bloodstream, where it is transported to the lungs. At the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli and is exhaled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?

The bicarbonate buffer system helps maintain a stable pH in the blood by acting as a buffer against changes in acidity or alkalinity. It does this by converting carbonic acid (H2CO3) into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and vice versa. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

Respiratory acidosis occurs when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH. This is typically caused by hypoventilation or impaired lung function. Respiratory alkalosis, on the other hand, occurs when there is a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to an increase in blood pH. This is often caused by hyperventilation, which can happen due to anxiety, pain, or certain medical conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation and how are they caused?

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are caused by vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the inflamed area. Swelling is caused by increased permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluid to leak into the tissues. Pain is caused by the release of inflammatory mediators, which stimulate pain receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of helper T cells in the immune response.

Helper T cells (also known as CD4+ T cells or Th cells) play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response by recognizing antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They activate other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and B cells, to fight infection. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response.

Cytotoxic T cells (also known as CD8+ T cells or Tc cells) directly kill infected cells or cancer cells that display foreign antigens on their surface. They do this by releasing cytotoxic substances that damage or destroy the target cell. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of activation for T cells.

T cells are activated when they encounter their specific antigen presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This binding event, along with the presence of co-stimulatory signals from the APC, triggers a cascade of events that lead to T cell activation. This activation results in the production of effector T cells, which are capable of carrying out specific immune functions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System

Two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic (fight-or-flight): acetylcholine at preganglionic and norepinephrine/epinephrine at postganglionic neurons.
Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest): acetylcholine at both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Origination in the central nervous system (CNS), location of pre- and postganglionic cell bodies, and length of pre- and postganglionic axons vary between divisions.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation have different effects on various effectors.
Adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood when stimulated.

Endocrine System

Endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate body function.
Hormones are regulatory substances, produced and stored in endocrine cells, and transported in the blood.
Hormones are broadly categorized as amino-acid based and steroid hormones.
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic, while peptide hormones are hydrophilic.
Target cell receptors for hormones can be embedded in the cell membrane or intracellularly.
Various signals initiate hormone production and secretion, including humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli, and are regulated via a negative feedback loop.
Nervous and endocrine systems interact to regulate body functions.
Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones can disrupt body functions.

Cardiovascular System

Heart is located within the thoracic cavity, and divided into right (pulmonary) and left (systemic) sides.
Atria receive blood and ventricles pump blood.
Heart valves and other internal structures ensure unidirectional blood flow.
Major blood vessels carry blood to and from the heart.
Cardiac muscle cells exhibit a characteristic plateau phase in their action potentials, which facilitates long contractions to ensure proper blood circulation.
Autonomic innervation regulates heart rate.
Heart's electrical conduction system is essential for coordinated heart contractions.
ECG (electrocardiogram) waveforms represent electrical events in the heart.

Blood

Blood plasma makes up 55% of blood volume, containing water, proteins, and dissolved solutes.
Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.
Leukocytes (white blood cells) have diverse roles in the immune response.
Platelets are involved in blood clotting.
Hemoglobin structure, function, and breakdown are crucial.
Hematopoiesis formation of formed blood elements (RBC, WBC and platelets from stem cells in bone marrow.

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Lymphatic system returns excess fluid to the circulatory system, aids in immunity, and plays a role in lipid absorption.
Lymphatic organs include the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen, each with specific roles.
Immune system defends against pathogens.
Two main branches are innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity provides immediate non-specific defense, via physical and chemical barriers and WBCs.
Adaptive immunity is slower developing but highly specific, using lymphocytes.
T cells (cell-mediated immunity) and B-cells (antibody-mediated immunity) are central in adaptive immunity.
Antibodies and antigens are critical parts of the immune system

Respiratory System

Airway structures: nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Respiratory tract functions in filtering, warming, and humidifying air, conducting air to and from the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs across respiratory membrane (alveoli).
Muscles of respiration drive air movement in and out of lungs via pressure changes.
Lung volumes and capacities are measured to assess lung function.
Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse.
Respiratory rate is regulated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors and other factors.
Restrictive and obstructive lung disorders have different effects on lung function.

Digestive System

Organs form a continuous tube from mouth to anus: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, rectum and anus.
Accessory digestive organs with digestive roles: liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Four stages of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination (defecation).
Digestion involves mechanical and chemical processes to break down food.
Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the small intestine.
Hormones, enzymes, and other factors regulate digestion.

Urinary System

Kidneys are composed of functional units called nephrons.
Nephrons are responsible for filtering blood to produce urine (filtration, reabsorption and secretion).
Urine is stored in the bladder and expelled through a process called urination.
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion are critical steps to form urine.
Renal processes involve pressure gradients, tubular transport, and hormonal control.
Kidney function is essential for homeostasis, maintaining blood volume, electrolytes, pH, and eliminating wastes.
Blood pressure, hormones like ADH and aldosterone, have major roles in kidney function.
Kidneys help regulate pH, electrolytes, and water homeostasis.

Reproductive Systems

Male and female reproductive tracts have specific structures and functions enabling reproduction.
Structures for sperm, egg formation, and transport are described.
Structures for sperm and fertilization are described.
Reproductive cycles, including hormonal regulation, and major events are described.

Development

Periods of intrauterine development: pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal phases.
Fertilization, implantation, formation of extraembryonic membranes, germ layers are described.

Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Homeostasis

Body fluid compartments: intracellular vs extracellular
Important electrolytes and ions in compartments are explained.
Maintaining homeostasis is emphasized through hydration and electrolyte balance, regulatory control mechanisms.
Acid-base balance is important and described with processes and disorders.
Water movement and balance between compartments, factors influencing, symptoms and signs of imbalances are all described.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, focusing on their structures, functions, and the hormones they produce. This quiz covers major concepts, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, and the classification of hormones.