Automotive Industry Revolution Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily driving the current revolution in the automotive industry?

  • Government regulations
  • Innovations in AI technology
  • Consumer demand (correct)
  • Environmental policies

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main areas of innovation driving the automotive revolution?

  • Power trains
  • Safety features (correct)
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Drivetrains

What are the two main focuses of this lesson regarding the electrification of transportation?

  • Alternative fuels and efficiency
  • Internal combustion engines and emissions
  • AI in vehicle operations and safety
  • Electric power and drivetrains (correct)

What component in an internal combustion engine is directly rotated by the up-and-down motion of the pistons?

<p>Crankshaft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence correctly describes how the parts of an internal combustion engine interact?

<p>Pistons -&gt; Crankshaft -&gt; Timing belt -&gt; Camshaft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of reducing CO2 emissions does this lesson primarily focus on?

<p>Switching to electric engines and drivetrains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal combustion engines rely on how many strokes for the complete cycle of operation?

<p>Four strokes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component that translates the power from the engine to the wheels?

<p>Power train (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spark plug in an internal combustion engine?

<p>To trigger combustion at the top of the compression stroke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do diesel engines use fuel injectors instead of spark plugs?

<p>Diesel must be atomized and heated to combust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the crankshaft affect the vehicle's wheels?

<p>It rotates the flywheel which transfers motion via the drivetrain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after the bottom of the combustion stroke in a conventional vehicle engine?

<p>The cylinder valves open to release exhaust gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows diesel engines to be more efficient than gasoline engines?

<p>Diesel fuel can be compressed more before combusting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component sends electricity to the spark plug at the right time?

<p>The distributor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the engine RPMs during acceleration before the transmission shifts to a higher gear?

<p>The RPMs rise to a peak and then decrease briefly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the relationship between temperature and pressure in the context of a diesel engine?

<p>Temperature is directly proportional to pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the differential affect the wheels when turning?

<p>It permits the wheels to rotate at different speeds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism provides torque to the drive shaft in a conventional vehicle drivetrain?

<p>The countershaft gears meshing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the stator in an electric induction motor?

<p>To surround and support the rotor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the rotor spins at the same speed as the stator's rotating magnetic field?

<p>The rotor becomes de-electrified and no longer rotates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the three-phase current create around the rotor in an electric induction motor?

<p>A rotating magnetic field. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the roles of the stator and rotor are flipped, what does the motor function as?

<p>A generator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the cycling of AC current have on the rotor in an electric motor?

<p>It generates a magnetic field opposing that of the stator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the speeds of the wheels affected when turning without a differential?

<p>The axle would bend due to equal wheel speeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the inverter in a pure electric vehicle?

<p>To convert DC current to three-phase AC current for the motor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives the Tesla an advantage over conventional cars in terms of mechanical simplicity?

<p>Fewer moving parts overall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the battery pack in the Tesla manage overheating?

<p>By using an internally circulating coolant around the batteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the electric induction engine is highlighted in comparison to an internal combustion engine?

<p>It produces output without the need for moving parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology allows the Tesla's wheels to spin at different speeds?

<p>Control of power supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a mild hybrid from other types of hybrids?

<p>It assists the internal combustion engine during acceleration and stores energy during braking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which configuration does the internal combustion engine primarily function to charge the battery?

<p>Series connection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hybrid type is capable of using both the electric engine and internal combustion engine simultaneously?

<p>Full hybrids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an electric motor achieve higher RPMs compared to an internal combustion engine?

<p>It changes the frequency of the three-phase current in the stator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a plug-in hybrid compared to other hybrids?

<p>It has a larger second battery for longer electric-only driving distances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a power-split configuration is correct?

<p>It combines features of parallel and series configurations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the best power source in a full hybrid vehicle?

<p>Microcomputer programming for fuel efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the electric motor play in a mild hybrid during braking?

<p>It acts as a generator to store energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

An engine that uses the burning of fuel to create power to drive vehicles.

Four-stroke engine

Engine cycle with four distinct stages: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust.

Drive Train

The components that carry power from the engine to the wheels of a vehicle.

Reducing CO2 emissions

Methods to lower the amount of carbon dioxide released by transportation

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Electric Power

Power generated using electricity instead of fossil fuels

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Electric Engine

An engine that uses electricity to drive motion

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Transportation Efficiency

How well transportation systems use fuel or energy to move people or objects

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Shift to a different energy form

Employing a non-traditional power source to function transportation

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Gasoline Engine Ignition

Gasoline readily mixes with air and ignites with a spark from a spark plug.

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Diesel Engine Ignition

Diesel fuel needs high pressure and temperature to ignite, achieved during compression, using fuel injectors instead of spark plugs.

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Engine Piston Movement

Pistons move up and down in cylinders, responding to fuel-air combustion and exhaust.

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Spark Plug Function

Spark plugs create the spark that ignites the fuel mixture in a gasoline engine.

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Crankshaft Function

The crankshaft turns the flywheel and powers the generator, connecting to the drivetrain.

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Flywheel Function

The flywheel is connected to the crankshaft and stores rotational energy, transferring it to the drivetrain.

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Gear Ratio

Different sized gears on the drive shaft create a change in torque and speed from the crankshaft, making the drive shaft turn slower but with more torque than the engine shaft.

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Drivetrain Function

The drivetrain using counter-shaft and clutch mechanism to transfer torque and rotational speed to wheels of the vehicle from the engine's flywheel.

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Engine RPMs and Gears

Engine revolutions per minute (RPMs) change with gear shifts. Higher gears mean lower RPMs for the same speed. Accelerating requires higher gear ratios for higher speeds.

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Differential Function

Allows wheels to rotate at different speeds, preventing axle bending during turns.

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Electric Motor Stator

The stationary part of an electric motor that surrounds the rotor and is powered by three-phase AC current.

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Electric Motor Rotor

The rotating part inside the stator containing conductive material that becomes energized by AC current.

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Rotating Magnetic Field

A magnetic field that changes direction (produced by the alternating current of the stator in an electric motor), creating a force on the rotor.

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Motor as a Generator

Rotating the rotor generates an AC current in the stator. Converting a motor into a generator involves changing which part is the moving and stationary component.

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HEV Powertrain Configurations

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have different powertrain designs comprising methods to combine electric power with internal combustion engines.

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Hybrid Vehicle Configurations

Hybrid vehicles can be configured in three ways: parallel, series, and power-split, each using different combinations of an electric motor and internal combustion engine.

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Mild Hybrid

A mild hybrid uses a parallel configuration where the electric motor assists the internal combustion engine during acceleration and acts as a generator during braking, recovering energy in a battery.

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Full Hybrid

A full hybrid uses a power-split configuration, allowing power from both the electric motor and the internal combustion engine, controlled by a computer for efficiency.

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Plug-in Hybrid

Similar to full hybrids, but with a larger battery allowing extended electric-only driving range for higher fuel efficiency

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Electric Motor Speed Control

Electric motor speed is adjusted by altering the frequency of the three-phase current in its stator; higher frequency means faster speed.

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Electric Motor RPM Advantages

Electric motors can rotate much faster than internal combustion engines, eliminating the need for complex multi-gear transmissions.

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Parallel Hybrid Configuration

The electric motor supports the internal combustion engine during operation and is connected alongside the engine.

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Series Hybrid Configuration

The electric motor is the primary source of power and the internal combustion engine solely charges the battery.

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Electric Motor Advantages

Electric motors in EVs offer smooth power delivery, self-starting capabilities, and no need for spark plugs, making them simpler and more efficient than internal combustion engines.

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Inverter Function

The inverter in an EV converts direct current (DC) from the battery pack into alternating current (AC) needed to power the electric motor. It also controls the speed and power of the motor by adjusting AC frequency and amplitude.

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Battery Pack Design

Tesla's battery pack consists of thousands of lithium-ion batteries arranged for maximum energy storage and power output. A cooling system prevents overheating.

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All-Wheel Drive in EVs

Electric vehicles can achieve all-wheel drive by independently controlling the power delivered to each wheel, allowing different speeds for optimal traction and handling.

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Tesla vs. Conventional Car

Teslas are significantly simpler than traditional cars, boasting fewer moving parts, resulting in increased reliability and reduced maintenance needs.

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Study Notes

Automotive Industry Revolution

  • The automotive industry is experiencing a significant revolution, driven by consumer demand, not just government regulations.
  • This revolution impacts power trains, drivetrains, and AI-driven vehicle operation.
  • This lesson focuses on the electrification of transportation, specifically electric power and drive trains.
  • Conventional vehicles' power and drive trains are reviewed.

CO2 Emission Reduction

  • Three basic ways to reduce CO2 emissions from transportation:
    • Finding lower-emission fuels to replace gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
    • Increasing transportation energy efficiency.
    • Shifting to alternative energy sources.

Transportation Efficiency and Electric Engines

  • The focus of the lesson is on alternative energy and electric engines.
  • Discussion of drivetrains (mechanics of engine motion driving wheel motion for understanding how an internal combustion engine and standard drive train works) is included.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Operation

  • ICE parts and function are detailed, including crankshaft, timing belt, camshafts, and valves for each cylinder.
  • Four-stroke engine operation (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust) is outlined.
  • Combustion is triggered by spark plugs.
  • Crankshaft rotations power the flywheel, which powers the electric generator to charge the battery.
  • The battery supplies electricity to the distributor, which sends a spark to the correct spark plug for combustion.
  • Exhaust valves release combusted gas after the bottom of the combustion stroke.

Gasoline vs. Diesel Engine

  • Gasoline readily evaporates and ignites with a spark.
  • Diesel fuel does not readily evaporate but ignites at high temperatures. Diesel engines are more efficient due to higher compression ratios allowing for more fuel combustion.

Conventional Vehicle Drivetrain

  • The engine flywheel is connected to a countershaft to drive the drive shaft using clutches and different sized gears.
  • Different sized gears on the counter shaft turn the drive shaft at different speeds to give more torque.
  • A vehicle accelerating will change gears to increase RPMs, and different gear positions change wheel speeds and directions.
  • The differential at the drive shaft's end is emphasized.

Electric Motor Operation

  • Electric induction motors have a stator (stationary) and a rotor (rotating).
  • Three-phase current in the stator produces a rotating magnetic field.
  • The rotor, which has a conductive material, is electrically energized by the AC current in the rotor creating a magnetic field (opposing field of the stator) and thus rotation.
  • The rotor can be turned to create three-phase AC current to the stator.
  • Motors have a greater range of RPMs (rotations per minute) than conventional engines, allowing for a single-gear transmission.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

  • Three powertrain configurations for HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) are discussed (parallel, series, power-split).
  • Mild hybrids: parallel powertrains support acceleration and braking.
  • Full hybrids: use varying power split between electric and internal combustion engines, depending on need.
  • Plug-in hybrids have larger batteries to allow the vehicle to run longer on electric power.

Pure Electric Vehicle Operation

  • Motor speed is controlled by altering the frequency of three-phase current in the stator.
  • Electric motors have a wider RPM range than internal combustion engines, so single gear transmissions are sufficient.
  • Electric motors are self-starting.
  • An inverter converts DC current to three-phase AC current for the electric motor.
  • Battery packs (usually lithium-ion) are important due to energy storage and power output.

Ongoing Transportation Sector Changes

  • App-based ride-sharing services (Uber, Lyft, Zipcar) are discussed.
  • The impact of increased work-from-home policies in COVID-19 era is included.

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Lesson 16: Vehicle Technology PDF

Description

Explore the revolutionary changes in the automotive industry with a focus on electrification and alternative energy sources. This quiz covers various aspects such as power trains, drivetrains, CO2 emission reductions, and the mechanics behind electric engines. Test your knowledge on how these innovations are shaping the future of transportation.

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