Automation and Control Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant disadvantage of hardwired technology?

  • Flexibility for future changes
  • Inflexibility for future changes (correct)
  • High reliability for safety functions
  • Easier maintenance than software technology

    • Which component is essential for the operation of a programmable logic controller (PLC)?

  • Operating system software
  • Hardwired connections
  • Self-monitoring function
  • Electromagnetic relay (correct)

    • What does redundancy in protection systems imply?

  • Duplication of critical functions or components (correct)
  • Use of only one technology type
  • Complete dependence on a single component
  • Implementation of manual checks only

    • Which of the following is NOT a feature of software technology?

    <p>Reliability for safety functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does a position switch operate on in single protections?

    <p>Positive mechanical action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of single protections with supervision compared to redundant systems?

    <p>Duplication of critical components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a normally closed contact (NC) in an electromagnetic relay?

    <p>Creates a path when de-energized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key advantage of ladder logic in automation technology?

    <p>Provides a clear visual representation of circuit logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective in modern control systems?

    <p>Control the output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a static system?

    <p>A system that remains constant over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of dynamic systems?

    <p>They change over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a model in the context of systems?

    <p>A simplified representation or abstraction of reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a black box model, which of the following is typically not known?

    <p>Internal dynamics of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is required to derive a white box model?

    <p>Complete knowledge of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents a static system?

    <p>$y_t = h(u_t)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the complexity of reality in system modeling?

    <p>Some complexity can be ignored in problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of automation?

    <p>To transform mechanisms for automatic operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system was primarily used before the introduction of the PLC?

    <p>Relays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advancement in industrial automation is linked to the PLC?

    <p>The development of ladder logic programming techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a required human intervention in PLC operations?

    <p>Automatic production without human oversight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the gains from implementing automation in industry?

    <p>Reduced labor costs and improved product quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IEC 61131-3 standard, how many programming languages are defined for PLCs?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does SCADA play in industrial automation?

    <p>It oversees entire industrial processes and provides data acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible drawback of increased automation in industry?

    <p>Increased reliance on technology and potential job loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using PLCs in industrial applications?

    <p>They allow for real-time monitoring of processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of automation contributes to improved product quality?

    <p>Consistent and precise control of processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Automation and Control

    • Automation is the process of transforming a mechanism, device, machine, facility, or process to run automatically.
    • Automatic control uses control systems to run equipment like machinery, factory processes, boilers, and ovens.
    • Control systems also manage switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilizing ships and aircraft.
    • Some processes are completely automated with minimal human intervention.

    Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

    • Before PLCs, relays performed logic operations. Ladder logic, a schematic drawing technique, was used.
    • Ladder logic formed a basis for PLC programming languages.
    • PLCs are a significant advancement in industrial automation, used in numerous applications.
    • Programmable logic controllers became commercially available in the late 1960s.

    PLC (Types)

    • Compact PLCs are smaller and self-contained.
    • Modular PLCs allow more flexibility and can increase functionality.

    PLC (Examples)

    • Different manufacturers offer various PLC models. Examples include Allen-Bradley ControlLogix, Siemens S7-300, Modicon Premium, Mitsubishi iQ, Koyo DL405, and Omron CJ1, GE RX3I, and Honeywell.

    Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

    • SCADA systems oversee and collect data from processes, using Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) to show data and provide controls.
    • PLCs are often used within SCADA systems to collect and control processes.
    • SCADA systems collect data, transfer it, show it to a user and manage control operations.

    SCADA (components)

    • SCADA systems utilize components such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs).
    • Connections between components often use different communication buses like, a Plant bus and Field Bus.
    • The components allow a process to be monitored and controlled by an operator.

    SCADA (How it works)

    • Data collection involves gathering information from interconnected devices.
    • Data transfer moves collected data through different networks.
    • Data display allows the user to observe the transferred data.
    • Control and operation enable user interaction and control on the monitored process.

    SCADA (levels)

    • The levels involved in SCADA systems include:
    • SCADA level
    • Operator
    • Engineering
    • Plant Bus
    • Plant Level
    • Field bus
    • Field level
    • Sensor/Actuator Bus
    • Sensor/direct I/O

    programmable logic controller (PLC) Objectives

    • PLCs add value to raw materials by producing higher value products (either finished or intermediate products).
    • Machines require human intervention in tasks such as monitoring, loading/unloading, inspecting, participation in the production process, and maintenance.

    programmable logic controller (PLC) Gains with Automation

    • Automation reduces labor and material costs.
    • Automation decreases hazardous work and improves safety.
    • Automation improves product quality.
    • Automation increases productivity and quality in job creation.

    Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Ladder Logic

    • Before PLC technology, electromagnetic relays designed automation systems.
    • Ladder logic diagrams utilize relays and are a precursor to PLC programming.
    • Ladder logic is based on relay circuitry to connect electrical components.

    Electromagnetic Relay

    • Joseph Henry created the first relay in 1836.
    • A relay uses a magnet and switches to turn circuits on and off.
    • The coil is energized to attract an armature through a magnetic field, closing/opening contacts.

    Hardware vs. Software

    • Hardwired systems use interconnected physical components like relays, electronic boards, etc, to develop logic and perform operations.
    • Hardwired systems can be very reliable but are typically inflexible to modify or adapt in the long-term.
    • Software systems use programming to implement functions, making them adaptable and flexible to changes but often have lower reliability.

    Type of Protection

    • Single protection: Using components/functions, or periodic checks to ensure safety.
    • Single with supervision: Self-monitoring to ensure stability and function.
    • Redundant protection: Duplicate crucial components or systems to ensure they continue functioning, even if one component stops working.
    • Redundant with supervision: Redundant systems require continuous monitoring of different components and systems, to ensure stability.

    Types of Systems

    • Static systems don't change over time.
    • Dynamic systems change with time.

    Models

    • Black box models use simple inputs, and outputs to define the system without understanding the internal mechanisms.
    • White box models fully define the system including input, and outputs, as well as internal mechanisms.

    Examples

    • Spring-mass-damper system involves a differential equation to describe the response of the system.
    • RLC circuits use a similar differential equation (or integro-differential equation) to predict the circuit's behavior, often in a sinusoidal fashion.

    Applications

    • Modern control systems apply to various areas, including vehicle steering, automated aircraft control systems, and precision control of machinery.

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    Lecture 7 - Automation and Control PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of automation and control systems in this quiz. Learn about the evolution from relays to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and the types and examples of PLCs used in industrial automation. Test your knowledge on how these systems function to enhance efficiency with minimal human intervention.

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