Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Overview

What is the recommended investigation for thyroid nodules that are suspicious for malignancy or radiologically indeterminate?

What is the role of thyroid scintigraphy in evaluating thyroid nodules when TSH is normal?

What ultrasound characteristics are associated with a higher likelihood of malignancy in a nodule?

What does the presence of thyroid autoantibodies support the diagnosis of?

What is the significance of a 'spongiform' appearance in a thyroid nodule on ultrasound?

What treatment is recommended for nodules that are suspicious for malignancy?

What is the recommended therapy for patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis?

What is the conversion rate to overt thyrotoxicosis for patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis?

What is the recommended approach for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and non-specific symptoms?

When is it better to treat thyroid failure early in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism?

What should be the goal of levothyroxine therapy in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism?

What is the most common adverse effect of antithyroid drugs mentioned in the text?

What is the recommended surgical approach for thyroid surgery according to the text?

What is the primary action of antithyroid drugs like carbimazole and propylthiouracil?

What is one of the risk factors for relapse of Graves' disease after stopping antithyroid therapy?

What is the purpose of adding oral potassium iodide before thyroid surgery?

What effect does therapeutic 131I have on the incidence of malignancies according to the text?

What is the typical presentation of non-thyroidal illness (sick euthyroidism)?

What causes the abnormalities in thyroid function tests in non-thyroidal illness?

What is the primary reason for avoiding thyroid function tests unless there is clinical evidence of concomitant thyroid disease in non-thyroidal illness?

What is the approximate percentage of thyroid nodules that are malignant?

When should suspicion of a primary thyroid malignancy be heightened in the case of a thyroid nodule?

What investigation should be performed urgently if there is any doubt about the etiology of an anterior neck swelling?

What is the most common manifestation of Graves’ disease?

What percentage of patients with Graves’ disease have thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TRAb) detected in their serum?

What is the presumed role of fluctuating TRAb concentration in the serum of patients with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis?

What may result in thyroid failure in some patients with Graves’ disease?

What has a strong genetic component in the case of Graves’ disease?

What is associated with the development of ophthalmopathy in Graves’ thyrotoxicosis?

What is the approximate range of 131I dose administered in most centers?

During the lag period after 131I administration, what can be used to control symptoms?

What is the disadvantage of 131I treatment according to the text?

What does carbimazole do that reduces the efficacy of 131I therapy?

In which condition should 131I be avoided according to the text?

What is recommended for women of reproductive age before and after administration of 131I?

When should men use strict contraceptive measures after receiving 131I?

What effect does 131I have on survival and replication of follicular cells?

How long should thyrotoxicosis persist after administration of a further dose of 131I before a further dose can be given?

What is the recommended treatment for mild Graves' ophthalmopathy?

What is the optimal management for moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy?

What is the primary characteristic of Pretibial myxoedema?

What is the treatment for severe cases of Pretibial myxoedema?

What is indicated as a treatment for hypothyroidism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

What antibodies are present in the serum in more than 90% of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

What is the typical duration of hypothyroidism before normal thyroid function is restored in transient thyroiditis?

What is the effect of the damaged follicular cells on iodine uptake in the thyrotoxic phase?

What is the effect of post-partum thyroiditis on subsequent pregnancies?

What is the recommended daily intake of iodine for adult men and women according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

What is the approximate percentage of the world population living in areas of iodine insufficiency?

What is a major dietary source of iodine according to the text?

What is the main autoantigen identified in Graves’ ophthalmopathy?

Which factor causes marked swelling and fibrosis of the extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy?

What is the effect of active ocular inflammation in exophthalmic Graves’ disease?

What is more common in men and cigarette smokers as a risk factor for Graves’ ophthalmopathy?

What may exacerbate ophthalmopathy in Graves’ thyrotoxicosis?

What is the most frequent presenting symptom related to increased exposure of the cornea in Graves’ ophthalmopathy?

What is the autoregulatory response that inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and release due to very high iodine concentrations?

In which condition may iodine supplementation increase the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune hypothyroidism?

What is the cytotoxic effect of amiodarone on thyroid follicular cells mainly attributed to?

What type of thyroiditis is due to a direct cytotoxic effect of amiodarone administration?

What can result in hypothyroidism as a failure to escape from the Wolff–Chaikoff effect?

What is the primary action of amiodarone on thyroid follicular cells?

What is the most effective treatment for patients with significant thyrotoxicosis?

When should amiodarone be discontinued in patients with thyrotoxicosis?

What is the typical presentation of simple diffuse goitre?

What is the management approach for a small multinodular goitre?

Which test is a good screening test for significant tracheal compression in patients with large goitres?

What is the recommended investigation to confirm the diagnosis of multinodular goitre?

In which patients is Levothyroxine therapy of no benefit for shrinking multinodular goitres?

What is the treatment usually for toxic multinodular goitre?

Why is the iodine uptake lower in toxic multinodular goitre compared to Graves’ disease?

Why is long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs not usually employed?

Why are asymptomatic patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis increasingly being treated with 131I?

Why is long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs not usually employed?

What is the rationale for using 131I in patients with large goitres and thyrotoxicosis?

Why is long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs not usually employed?

What is the significance of a suppressed TSH level in asymptomatic patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis?

Why is Levothyroxine therapy of no benefit in shrinking multinodular goitres in iodine-sufficient countries?

What is the approximate incidence of congenital hypothyroidism based on routine screening of TSH levels in heel-prick blood samples obtained 5–7 days after birth?

What is the most common cause of dyshormonogenesis?

Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with Pendred syndrome?

What is the primary cause of thyroid hormone resistance?

What is the distinguishing feature between thyroid hormone resistance and TSHoma that can help in differentiation?

What is the role of pendrin encoded by the SLC26A4 gene?

Which enzyme deficiency results in the most common form of dyshormonogenesis?

What is the distinguishing feature between Pendred syndrome and thyroid hormone resistance?

What is the incidence of primary thyroid malignancy?

What is the cause of less than 5% of all cases of thyrotoxicosis?

What is the typical presentation of thyrotoxicosis in almost 50% of patients with toxic adenoma?

What is the size of the adenoma that causes a solitary toxic nodule?

What is the primary treatment for a solitary toxic nodule?

What is the incidence of thyroid cancer according to the text?

What is the effect of $131I therapy on atrophic cells surrounding the nodule?

Why is permanent hypothyroidism unusual after $131I therapy for a solitary toxic nodule?

What is the gender predilection for thyroid cancer, excluding medullary carcinoma?

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer according to its cell type of origin?

What is the most common type of malignant thyroid tumor?

What is the main reason for the increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma?

What is the recommended treatment for smaller thyroid tumors with no adverse histological features?

What is the primary method used to localize local recurrence or metastatic disease in thyroid cancer?

What is the role of sorafenib, lenvatinib, or vandetanib in the treatment of locally advanced or refractory papillary and follicular carcinoma?

What is the recommended serum TSH concentration level for 131I treatment in thyroid cancer and isotope scanning?

What is the most common site for blood-borne metastases in follicular carcinoma?

What is the main long-term treatment given after total thyroidectomy to suppress TSH and inhibit growth of differentiated thyroid carcinomas?

What does the detection of rising thyroglobulin titre across serial measurements suggest in thyroid cancer patients?

What are the most common adverse prognostic factors for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer?

What is the recommended treatment for anaplastic carcinoma?

What is the prognosis for lymphoma of the thyroid?

What is the primary cause of Riedel’s thyroiditis?

Which hormone may be secreted by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and lead to carcinoid syndrome?

What is the distinguishing factor between anaplastic carcinoma and lymphoma?

What is the role of 131I therapy in treating medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?

What is the typical presentation of Riedel’s thyroiditis?

What is the primary treatment for anaplastic carcinoma in older patients?