288 Questions
Which of the following best describes autoimmune diseases?
Diseases caused by the immune system attacking the body's own cells
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in autoimmune diseases?
They induce tolerance in normal, healthy states
What can cause autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental factors
Which of the following is an example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
Celiac disease
What is the cause of Graves disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
Which of the following best describes autoimmune diseases?
Diseases caused by the immune system attacking the body's own cells
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in autoimmune diseases?
They induce tolerance in normal, healthy states
What can cause autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental factors
Which of the following is an example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
Celiac disease
What is the cause of Graves disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
Which of the following best describes autoimmune diseases?
Diseases caused by the immune system attacking the body's own cells
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in autoimmune diseases?
They induce immune tolerance
What can cause autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental factors
What is antigen mimicry?
When pathogens mimic the body's own antigens
Which type of autoimmune diseases target specific organs or tissues?
Organic autoimmune diseases
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Weight loss, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
What are the symptoms of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cold intolerance, muscle weakness, and painful and stiff joints
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A disease caused by the immune system attacking the pancreas
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies and immune complexes damaging membranes and bone in joints
What are the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, and anemia
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells destroying adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the diagnostic criteria for SLE?
Identification of four of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
Which of the following is true about autoimmune diseases?
They can have mixed symptoms that flare up and disappear, making diagnosis difficult.
What induces tolerance in normal, healthy states?
The immune system
What can lead to cross-reactivity and autoimmunity?
Antigen mimicry between pathogen antigens and self-antigens
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules
What are the symptoms of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Goiter, cold intolerance, and fatigue
What are the symptoms of Addison's disease?
Weakness, nausea, hypotension, and circulatory system collapse
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia, and malnutrition
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is caused by cytokine activation of keratinocytes?
Psoriasis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia gravis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by the destruction of adrenal gland cells by cytotoxic T cells?
Addison's disease
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is a TH1 cell-mediated disease that causes goiter, cold intolerance, and fatigue?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors?
Graves' disease
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target cells of the small intestine?
Celiac disease
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system?
Multiple sclerosis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which autoimmune disease results from a reaction to gluten and is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss?
Celiac disease
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is caused by autoantibodies that target thyroid gland cells?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which of the following is a key characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
The immune system attacks the body's own cells.
What causes a loss of immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental influences
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in preventing autoimmune responses?
They induce tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
What is antigen mimicry?
When pathogens mimic the body's own cells.
Which of the following is an example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
Celiac disease
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss
What is the cause of Graves disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What are the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, a sunlight-sensitive "butterfly" rash, skin lesions, photosensitivity, decreased kidney function, memory loss, confusion, and depression
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytokine activation of keratinocytes?
Psoriasis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia gravis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors?
Graves' disease
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target cells of the small intestine?
Celiac disease
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas?
Type I diabetes
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system?
Multiple sclerosis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Which autoimmune disease is caused by the destruction of adrenal gland cells by cytotoxic T cells?
Addison's disease
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss?
Celiac disease
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, and a sunlight-sensitive 'butterfly' rash?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Diarrhea
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Autoantibodies
Which of the following is a symptom of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Goiter
Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint pain
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies
Which of the following is a symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Hair loss
What is the cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?
Weakness
Which of the following is a symptom of multiple sclerosis?
Muscle weakness
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is required for a diagnosis of SLE?
Identification of four of the most common symptoms and a positive test for ANAs
What is the difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases target specific organs or tissues, while systemic autoimmune diseases target multiple organs or tissues throughout the body.
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the diagnostic criteria for SLE?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases target specific organs or tissues, while systemic autoimmune diseases target multiple organs or tissues throughout the body
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytokine activation of keratinocytes?
Psoriasis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction?
Myasthenia gravis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by the destruction of adrenal gland cells by cytotoxic T cells?
Addison disease
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target cells of the small intestine?
Celiac disease
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system?
Multiple sclerosis
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss?
Celiac disease
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, a sunlight-sensitive "butterfly" rash, skin lesions, photosensitivity, decreased kidney function, memory loss, confusion, and depression?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Which of the following is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
They occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells attacking adrenal gland cells
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
Which of the following is a symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Goiter and cold intolerance
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
Which of the following is a symptom of myasthenia gravis?
Extreme muscle weakness
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint inflammation and pain
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is required for a diagnosis of SLE?
Identification of four of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in autoimmune diseases?
They induce tolerance in normal, healthy states
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells destroying adrenal gland cells
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine?
Celiac disease
What is the cause of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by goiter, cold intolerance, and fatigue?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T cells destroying pancreatic beta cells
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by visual disturbances, muscle weakness, and impaired cognitive function?
Multiple sclerosis
What is the cause of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies targeting acetylcholine receptors
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales?
Psoriasis
What is the cause of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies targeting joint cells
What is the cause of decreased kidney function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies targeting kidney cells
How is a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) confirmed?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms
Which type of autoimmune disease specifically targets the adrenal gland, resulting in weakness, nausea, hypotension, and circulatory system collapse?
Addison's disease
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, anemia, and malnutrition due to autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine?
Celiac disease
What type of autoimmune disease results in hyperglycemia, extreme thirst and urination, weight loss, and extreme fatigue due to cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors, resulting in hyperthyroidism with rapid and irregular heartbeat, heat intolerance, weight loss, goiter, and exophthalmia?
Graves' disease
What autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland, resulting in thyroiditis with goiter, cold intolerance, muscle weakness, and painful and stiff joints?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system, resulting in visual disturbances, muscle weakness, impaired coordination and balance, numbness, prickling or “pins and needles” sensations, impaired cognitive function, and memory loss?
Multiple sclerosis
What autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction, resulting in extreme muscle weakness eventually leading to fatal respiratory arrest?
Myasthenia gravis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by cytokine activation of keratinocytes, resulting in itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales commonly affecting elbows, knees, scalp, back, face, palms, and feet?
Psoriasis
What autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints, resulting in joint inflammation, pain and disfigurement, and chronic systemic inflammation?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues, resulting in fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, a sunlight-sensitive 'butterfly' rash, skin lesions, photosensitivity, decreased kidney function, memory loss, confusion, and depression?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
What is the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Identification of four of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the role of regulatory T and B cells in autoimmune diseases?
They induce tolerance in normal, healthy states
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells destroying adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of insulin-producing β cells
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies attacking acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies that target cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental influences
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells attacking adrenal gland cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
What is the difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
Organ-specific diseases target specific organs or tissues, while systemic diseases target multiple organs or tissues throughout the body.
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the characteristic symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia
What is the characteristic symptom of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cold intolerance
What is the characteristic symptom of myasthenia gravis?
Extreme muscle weakness
What is the characteristic symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Sunlight-sensitive 'butterfly' rash
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Destruction of adrenal gland cells by cytotoxic T cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of type I diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is required for a diagnosis of SLE?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the primary cause of autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental influences
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the diagnostic criteria for SLE?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases target specific organs or tissues, while systemic autoimmune diseases target multiple organs or tissues throughout the body.
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Autoantibodies targeting thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the hallmark symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the main cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What are the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, a sunlight-sensitive 'butterfly' rash, skin lesions, photosensitivity, decreased kidney function, memory loss, confusion, and depression
What is required for a diagnosis of SLE?
Identification of any 4 of the most common symptoms
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the cause of celiac disease?
Autoantibodies targeting cells of the small intestine
What is the cause of type I diabetes?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the cause of Myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve axons in the central nervous system
What is the cause of autoimmune diseases?
A combination of genetics and environmental influences such as infections, medications, and chemicals
What are organ-specific autoimmune diseases?
Diseases that target specific organs or tissues such as celiac disease, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and Addison disease
Which of the following is a symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T cells targeting adrenal gland cells
Which of the following is a symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Cold intolerance
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
Which of the following is a symptom of multiple sclerosis?
Visual disturbances
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors
Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint inflammation
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules
Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?
Muscle weakness
What is the cause of Graves' disease?
Autoantibodies that target thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
Which of the following is a symptom of type I diabetes?
Extreme thirst and urination
What can cause autoimmune diseases?
Genetics and environmental influences such as infections, medications, and chemicals
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of adrenal gland cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
What is the characteristic symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the cause of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cytotoxic T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and autoantibodies attacking the thyroid gland
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Cytotoxic T-cell destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of psoriasis?
Cytokine activation of keratinocytes
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies, immune complexes, complement activation, phagocytes, and T cells damaging membranes and bone in joints
What is the cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic molecules forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues
What is the diagnostic criteria for SLE?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the characteristic symptom of multiple sclerosis?
Visual disturbances
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of Addison's disease?
Destruction of adrenal gland cells by cytotoxic T cells
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
What is the characteristic symptom of celiac disease?
Severe diarrhea
What is the characteristic symptom of Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Cold intolerance
What is the characteristic symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Extreme fatigue
What is the characteristic symptom of multiple sclerosis?
Muscle weakness
What is the characteristic symptom of myasthenia gravis?
Extreme muscle weakness
What is the characteristic symptom of psoriasis?
Itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales
What is the characteristic symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Joint inflammation, pain and disfigurement
What is the characteristic symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Fatigue, fever, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, anemia, clotting, a sunlight-sensitive 'butterfly' rash, skin lesions, photosensitivity, decreased kidney function, memory loss, confusion, and depression
How is a diagnosis of SLE made?
Identification of four of 11 of the most common symptoms and confirmed production of an array of autoantibodies unique to SLE
What is the role of antigen mimicry in autoimmune diseases?
It leads to cross-reactivity and autoimmunity
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