Austrian History: Republic, Empire & Archduchy

Austrian History

• Erich Zöllner's "History of Austria: From the Beginnings to the Present Day" (Vienna, 1961) and Ernst and Thomas Winkelbauer's "History of Austria, Culture – Society – Politics" are recommended readings.

What is Austria?

• Republic of Austria: A state initially unwanted that has changed over the last 100 years
• Empire: In 1804, Austria's first emperor
• Archduchy: Falsely invented by Rudolph IV, elevated by Friedrich III
• Duchy: Babenberger, intended to remove Bavarian dukes. Austria "invented".
• March of Austria.
• Casa d'Austria / Maison d'Autriche / Haus Österreich = Habsburg (Habsburg = Österreich)
  • 1918: Parts of Austria turned away from the Habsburgs.
  • Habsburgs were Austrian even if not from there (Anna of Austria from Spain).
• Complex of countries with diverse units and different orientations.
• Jelinek states that a state needs a territory, a government, and a people. Something is problematic, if one of these components is missing.

Who is Austrian?

• Fanni vom Galgenberg is the oldest Austrian ever found, found near Krems.
• Venus of Willendorf is an immigrant, possibly from Italy. there begins the history of the Austrian, Austrian woman
• People who are Austrian but do not view themselves as such, e.g., ex. Helmut List
• A person with Austrian roots who does not live in Austria, sees themself as Austrian.

Conclusions

• Austria is multifaceted and serves as a melting pot and an immigrant community.
• Austria needs constant defining.
• Austrian history involves a shared historical heritage which explains the existence of the current state and the culture of its inhabitants.
• Demystification of phenomena like the Habsburgs is needed.
• Austrian Studies are viewed differently inside and outside the country.
• Austria's history without the Habsburgs is unthinkable.
• Austrian history is not the same as the history of the German Empire.
• Austrian history is not part of German regional history.
• Historical observation spaces change, varying in size.

Goals of the Lecture

• Comprehend Austria's development and traditions.
• Learn about the Central European region as a historical unit.
• Understand the relationship between different states.
• Determine what is typically Austrian, regardless of personal preference.

When does Austria's history start?

• 996 Ostarrîchi?
  • Emperor Otto, a document as a gift. The name Ostarrîchi existed much earlier.
• Regnum Noricum?
  • No Ric translates to Eastern Empire.

Establishing Austria

• Scarce evidence and sources create issues.
• Much about the era is uncertain.

Ancient and Early History

• Little happened in the territory due to sparse population.
• Winters were harsh with extensive forests; people hunted or gathered food.
• Venus of Willendorf is a key discovery.

From 400,000 to 40,000 BC

• First settlements date back 400,000 years.
• Finds discovered in caves like Badlhöhle and Repolusthöhle near Graz have uncovered hunting objects and proof of refuge.
• Later, settlements were primarily along the Danube.
• Other caves are found in Lower Austria Gudenushöhle, Teufelslucken by Roggendorf.
• Caves located in higher altitudes of Styria and Upper Austria Knochenhöhle in Toten Gebirge (OÖ), Drachenhöhle / Blaiweiß Grube / Lieglhöhle (STMK) etc.

Man from Tisenjoch (Ötzi)

• Also the man from Hauslabjoch, the mummy from Similaun
• Discovered on September 19, 1991. partially mistakes by findings.
• Originally identified as a victim of an avalanche but eventually determined to have been murdered by an arrow wound.
• Considered to be the oldest Austrian ever discovered.
• Oldest mummy which was naturally frozen without preparation.
• A mobile hunter who traveled in the area.
• It was possible to identify what he ate.

Grossmugl

• Site is located near Grossmugl in Lower Austria.
• Gravesite or honorary is common.

Regnum Noricum

• Oldest known established dominion in Austrian territory.
• Territory inhabited mainly by Celtic Norici, an adapted population, and Illyrians.
  • The Norici center was at Magdalensberg.
• Around 170 BC, King Cincibilus signed a friendship treaty with Rome.
• A kingdom with its own coinage, central seat, and ruler.
• King Voccio strengthened relations by marrying his sister to the Germanic leader Ariovist.
  • Marriage aimed for support via marriage politics.
• Connection to Caesar.
• From 15 BC, Regnum Noricum was peacefully occupied by the Romans.

Province Noricum

• Established under Emperor Claudius.
• Austria was divided into several regions.
• Virunum in Maria Saal was a main site at the time with an amphitheater with grave relief from that time on a church in Maria Saal.
• Marcus Aurelius was a key Roman Emperor and Vindobona was a camp for Roman auxiliary troops.
• Carnuntum was the most important city in the region with many residents.
  • Heidentor is a unique preserved building.
  • Could be a memorial arch or grave.
• New constitution in Rome, Noricum with the other two provinces. Prefecture of Illyricum.
• Noricum existed as long as the Roman Empire did; when the Western Roman Empire fell, so did Noricum.

Migration Period

• Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, and Huns.
• Western Austria was less affected due to its mountains.
• Eastern Austria was more flat and accessible, so it saw more activity.
• The main roads in that time differed from today.

Between Rome and Charlemagne

• Poor evidence about the inhabitants at the time.
• Limited population growth due to plagues, wars, hard terrain, famines, and lack of organized agriculture.
• Between 600 and 800 AD, the region was influenced by Avars, Slavs and Franks.
• Dukes or warlords, tribal duchies characterized the time.
  • Duke was supported by other responsible people leaders of the time.
  • "Liberi," the free people, were allowed to make their own decisions.
  • "Liberti" and "Servi" were slaves and freedmen, often a currency when war is lost.
• Family system established among the Slavs, known as governors or clan leaders Suppans head clan people of the villages and in the clan council
• Counts oversee areas of the whole and organized armies in the case of war.

Bavaria - Bavarians and Carantanians

• Bavaria existed since the early 6th century, arriving via Bohemia and Slovakia.
  • Evolving from the pagan Heruli territories
• Very early on, was a subarea of the Frankish kingdom.
• Having settlements in the Frankish Empire, peaceful or warlike.
• The Bavarian Duchy primarily consisted of individual farms families and clustered villages.
  • Main center was near Enns, close to a river.
• Carantanians were located in today's Carinthia and Styria.
• Ladins came from Gardena and Val Gardena as their origin.
• Alemanni were from Vorarlberg.

Christianization

• Played a crucial role in organization, assumption of power, and legitimization.

Florian von Lorch

• A soldier during Diocletian's persecution of Christians, protested against the killing of his people.
  • As a result, he was drowned in a river.
• A key early missionary and martyr.
• From 600 AD onward, Columban founded a monastery near Bregenz and started evangelization, while Rupert founded St. Peter's Abbey in 698, later becoming the first bishop Primas Germanie of Salzburg.
  • As a result, Salzburg rose to become a major center.
• Monasteries had a significant role and were advantageous for Christian rulers.
• 798 Salzburg became an archdiocese, existing until the time of Napoleon.

Charlemagne

• Born around 747 AD; first accounts emerged 15 years postmortem.
  • Aiming to become emperor, legitimized by the Pope, seeking to stand above all kings.
  • He conquered Italy, gave it to the Pope, and received the imperial crown.
• New management of systems.
  • Centralized administrative system, integrating counts under the emperor, who received fiefs – land.
  • Messengers and counts were bound to the ruler through oaths of allegiance.
  • Vassals were obligated to military service and were thus compensated.
  • New church constitution, reorganized into archdioceses, educational reform in monasteries, standards of education of population set to be better. The territories of modern Austria were integrated into the Frankish Empire. Verklärung
  • Related very little to what subsequent emperors undertook.
  • His system served as a model.
  • However, it was soon overthrown and fell into oblivion.
• After Charlemagne's death, the empire was restructured.

Confrontation with the Magyars

• Ongoing conflicts and disputes with the Magyars.
• Pushes Bavaria, angering them, leading to the Battle of Pressburg, modern. Bratislava on July 4, 907. In said battle, Luitpold of Bavaria and Bishop fall and Magyars take control.
• Otto I decisively defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld on August 10, 955. Magyars were pushed back into the Pannonian region.

Around Ostarrîchi

• In 975, Henry the Quarrelsome, a Duke of Bavaria, tried to depose his own father Otto II.

• The Duchy of Carinthia was established, ruled by Duke Henry of Bavaria. Leopold I became Margrave in the Ottonian March in 976. 976 is taken in consideration as year of origin.

• Mark Duke Leopold, being also a military leader and commander gains power, thanks to connections to emperor and a good, well-developed network of nobility hierarchy.

• Henry of Bavaria died in 989, and it returned to Henry the Quarrelsome.

• 991 another Magyar invasion. Henry the Quarrelsome joined forces with Leopold against them, successfully pushing the border further east.

• 10 July 994 Leopold I died unintentionally at a tournament and his son Henry I the Strong is smoothly appointed as successor.

From Margraviate to Duchy

• Founding of Carinthia.
• Leopold is Margrave 976
• Henry the strong 994-1018
• The Austrian territory divide into several parts.
  • The Mark an der Donau (Upper Austrian Alpine foothills and parts of Lower Austria)
  • Kärnten parts of Styria, South Tyrol etc.
  • Erzstif Saltzburg and the environs
  • Influence of Bavarian Bavaria in places surrounding Saltsburg, Upper Austria and Tyrol
  • The county of Swabia North Western parts of Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Austria of 1000.
• Massive expansion of cities and towns.
• Increase in population and a change in argriculture. mountain agriculture
• Change in laws (town charters) → start at a differentiation between town and country side.
• Romanik causes contructions in form of monastries and churches to Boom. Klöster Kirchen.

The Babenberger

• Related to the Royal house of the stauffer
• Woman take big roles partly.
• Twelve regens some others improtant man and woman.
• Were in power for about a quarter of a millenia before they become extinct.
• Babenberger for Austrians is difficult due to origin of Bayern.
• Important for expansion of power was that they have multiple Positionen that have they vogtei, funktion for the king ausguübt

Heinrich the first the Strong (II)

• Even the quarrelsome guy.
• Time of Regeirungszeit at 994-1018
• 995 dies Heinrich of Zänker → Kärnten wieder von Bayern getrennt (Otto wird dort Herzog)
• 997 Stefan follows his vater als ungarischer Regent --> significant Hungary King .
• Henry the II be a new king of Bayern Bavaria , schenkt Heinrich the one I to make a new Gebiete today's Neider Österreich. Babenberger is expanding
• Adalbero from Eppenstein werden zum Graf der market Carinthia that is great Part Steier Mark under the Herxog carenthen
• Collect man Heiligenlegende Christian misssionar aus Britisch Area where for Spion Held for - aufhengnung in Melk , patron Austrias
• Expansion his country. Henry the Strong schlägt polnisch and extends to areas to the Thaya
• Year I dies 1018 and becomes in office Melk beisatzt -- > following younger brother.

Adalbert the Victorious (III)

• Rule the area from 1018 to 1055
• Salts Burg the promotion the Pope John the one X. Pope allowed Saltsburg on a to ride on a Zelter (so called Gang Pferd and allow the red skin on that -- > archbishop as papal legate without questions , decisions treffen Primas Germanie = Salz Burg Archbishop.
• 1027 disagreements when Adalbert and Konrad
• Adalbert is going to be on the page when Heinrich the three and pull himself back from function
• Not beteiligt from the military campagne 1000 th 10 which Stefan of hungern Area loss
• New beteiligung against to Field train to Area in turn take again . Dort is the Neu Mark created to to - Adalbert give.
• The Old -- > he is earlier tot as Adalbert --> following younger brother Ernst.

Ernst the Strong (Brave) (IV)

• 1055, 1075 As Mark Land graph rule
• Big change divers Herrscher dies and the Voritze are coming new to occupy
• Expansion to Northern vereinugnugn of the nMark and the bohemian Brand
• Mitbegleitigt to building at Bishop Domns to be Diocese Gurk Mental centrume
• 1075 take Ernst to the battles of homburg --> dies to damage that he has in the Schacht

Leopold the II that beautiful

• Back Insertion eppen Steine in Carinria
• 1075 bis 1095
• Investitur Streit with bishop Leopold Fasten Synode 1075 --> Romans said world bishop one section to untraagbar ○ Alde Split in two Partner ---- Adel Follow the Paapstes - Follow the kings Leopold , is erst all follow support the king Heinrich change and that back to Leopold change site the page ------- Heinrich Wrestling law Nachfolge Heinrich takes to field to get the Baben Burger that they the Area repulse. Again Böhmens erhöben Heinrich Later --> one year back Back at the same wrestling law was dead and After in year is Heinrich the two back too again king and require support one Back then Heinrich is for Kayser the crown.

Leopold the III in Holy

• The Regeirungszeit that longest from 1095 to 1136
• Of the significance Babe burger skilled and successful
• Good Diplomatisches fortune hold himself out of the Zaank between Popes and Kaiser to new.
• Section Wrestling ○ Heinrich wishes to get H from Machts

○Leopoldo is from Vorabend change Schacht get Heinrich wrestling law section Heinrich section of his son's

• --- s, the wife.

• Agnes of Wrestling law.

Albrecht the Victorious(III)

• Ruled the area from 1018-1055

• Appreciation of Salzburg by Pope John XIX.

• Pope allowed Archbishop of Salzburg on ,Zelter" to ride with red blanket —->achbi shop is Papal legate , without questions can, Primas Germania =Archbishop of Salzburg.

• 1027 inconsistencies between Albrecht and Konrad II.

• Albrecht strikes page Her Heinrich III.

• --- ---->

• Not in 030 be military campagne from Stafan hungarn area losses.

• 1042,1044 bet against military service to Hungary Area gain took again .

• Neu Mark is set and Leopold, be Sons adal berts given,

• Leopold stirs for adal Bert in the for the follow up

Enrst The Strong

• 1055-1075 as a ruler. Great ,changes in his life diverse ruler deaths ans the Vorstitze gets ,neu..

• Distingion ,to Northern, united union the neumakt and the brand.

• Began is erricthtung bistums dioeseis is geistiger

• ->1075 toke ernst at the SchlACHT one part --->injury dies one shot.

Leopold der Schöne and Five

Wieder einsettng from EPPEN Stein in Kaärnten.. 1075-1095

• -- Fasten synode to 1075 in Rom geststellt das weltliche Bischof einstellung untragbar ist..

• --- Adel split in two partier. Support the people and Kings.