Australian Religious Landscape & Spirituality
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to the changing religious landscape in Australia?

  • Increased mandatory religious education in schools (correct)
  • Rise of New Age religions
  • Immigration
  • Denominational switching

In the 1947 Australian Census, the combined percentage of people identifying with non-Christian religions and no religion was greater than the percentage identifying as Anglican.

False (B)

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Dreaming and the Land Rights movement?

  • The Dreaming is an outdated concept that has been replaced by modern legal arguments in the Land Rights movement.
  • The Dreaming is a legal framework that dictates the Land Rights movement.
  • The Dreaming is irrelevant to the Land Rights movement.
  • The Dreaming is the philosophical foundation and a primary driver of the Land Rights movement, emphasizing spiritual connection to the land. (correct)

The Native Title Act completely resolves all land disputes and guarantees the return of all traditionally owned lands to Aboriginal people.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two most common religions in Australia according to the 2021 census.

<p>Christianity and No religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trend of individuals changing their affiliation from one Christian denomination to another is known as __________.

<p>denominational switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain how dispossession has affected Aboriginal spiritualities.

<p>Dispossession severed the spiritual connection to the land, disrupting rituals, and causing significant cultural and spiritual harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the census year with the approximate percentage of the Australian population identifying as Christian:

<p>1947 = 88% 1991 = 74% 2016 = 52.1% 2021 = 43.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The High Court judgment known as ______ was a fundamental change in how Australian law views the relationship of Aboriginal people to the land.

<p>Mabo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Land Rights Movement = Efforts to secure Aboriginal rights and ownership of traditional lands. The Dreaming = The spiritual belief system that explains the creation of the land, its features, and all living things. Terra Nullius = The idea that the land belonged to no one prior to European settlement Dispossession = The act of depriving Aboriginal people of their land and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the trend in Christian affiliation in Australia from 1947 to 2021?

<p>Christian affiliation has steadily declined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Land Rights movement considered vital for Aboriginal people?

<p>It helps re-establish disrupted spiritual links with the land and preserve cultural identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise of 'New Age' religions in Australia has had no impact on the decline of traditional Christian denominations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate percentage increase in the number of Australians reporting 'No Religion' from 1971 to 2021?

<p>32% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, the oral tradition of the Dreaming presents no challenges when arguing for land rights in the Australian legal system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two difficulties associated with the Native Title claim process.

<p>The process is often slow and resource-intensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly contributed to the growth of Greek Orthodox and similar denominations in Australia during the second half of the 20th century?

<p>Post-World War II migration from Eastern Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The percentage of Australians identifying with Christianity has consistently increased since 1911.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Christian denomination experienced the largest numerical drop in affiliation between 2016 and 2021 in Australia?

<p>Anglican Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest Orthodox denomination in Australia, accounting for 1.5% of the population in 2021, is the ______ Church.

<p>Greek Orthodox</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has the Pentecostal Movement experienced in Australia since 1996?

<p>A 25.7% increase in affiliation, primarily among young people up to age 35. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following affiliations with their respective percentages of the Australian population in 2021:

<p>Christianity (Overall) = 43.9% Catholicism = 20% Greek Orthodox = 1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response category within Christianity saw the highest increase from 2016 to 2021?

<p>Christianity nfd (not further defined) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of growth in Pentecostal church membership is currently accelerating in Australia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has most significantly contributed to the growth of non-Christian religions in Australia since 2006?

<p>Immigration patterns, with a large percentage of non-Christian individuals being born overseas or having parents born overseas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of people in Australia who identify with Islam has decreased since 2011.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Australian population identified as Catholic in 2021?

<p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Spiritual supermarket syndrome' refers to denominational ______.

<p>switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the religion with its country or region of origin for migrants arriving in Australia between 2016 and 2021.

<p>Hinduism = India and Nepal Islam = Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the trend in religious affiliation among mainstream churches in Australia over the past 20 years?

<p>A shift away from mainstream, liberal churches towards more conservative churches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Loyalty to a specific church or denomination has increased in importance in Australian society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-Christian religion experienced the largest proportional growth in Australia from 2006 to 2011?

<p>Hinduism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to NCL surveys, which age group is LEAST likely to view lifetime loyalty to a particular church as crucial?

<p>People under 40 years of age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining affiliation with one church for life is considered crucial by most active Christians.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three global issues that have contributed to the rise of New Age spiritualities, as indicated in the provided content.

<p>War, famine, poverty, and domestic violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

A primary ideal of the New Age movement is the ___________ of humankind and connecting the mind, body and spirit with its natural surroundings.

<p>oneness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with New Age practices?

<p>Traditional church attendance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following New Age beliefs with their descriptions:

<p>Monism = Belief that all is one and that ultimate reality is a single substance or principle. Pantheism = Belief that God is everything and everywhere and that the universe is a manifestation of God Reincarnation = The belief that the soul is reborn into a new body after death. Karma = The principle of cause and effect, where actions determine future experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'secularism' primarily represent?

<p>Separation from religious or spiritual influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason people turn to secularism?

<p>People don’t find fulfillment or answers to life's questions through religious means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies the Uniting Church's commitment to Reconciliation with Indigenous Australians?

<p>Formally apologizing to Indigenous Australians through the National Assembly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Executive Council of Australian Jewry showed support for Reconciliation by participating in the Week of Prayer for Aboriginal Reconciliation in 2006.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one ecumenical Indigenous body actively participating in National Reconciliation Week in Australia.

<p>National ATSI Education Commission or NATSIEC</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Catholic Church's Red Dust Healing program, run by ______ Australia, aims to engage Indigenous individuals and families in recognizing and confronting hurt and anger.

<p>Caritas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following religious organizations with their respective initiatives supporting Indigenous Australians:

<p>Anglican Church = Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners in various parishes Uniting Church = Formal apology to Indigenous Australians Islamic Council of Victoria = Iftar get-together for Aboriginal communities Catholic Church = Red Dust Healing program</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 'Red Dust Healing' program initiated by Caritas Australia?

<p>To promote cultural healing by helping Indigenous people address hurt and anger. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Anglican Church does not provide funding for NATSIEC.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one Pope who stressed the need for justice for indigenous people.

<p>Pope John Paul II or Pope JPII</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Native Title Claims

Legal claims made by Indigenous Australians asserting rights to land based on traditional laws.

Eastern Maar Decision

Victoria’s first native title decision in over a decade, granting land back to the Eastern Maar people.

Land Rights Movement

The struggle of Indigenous Australians to regain rights and access to their ancestral land.

Dreaming (Aboriginal Concept)

A spiritual belief system that connects Aboriginal people to their land and ancestry.

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Mabo Case

A 1992 High Court decision that recognized Native Title in Australia, overturning terra nullius.

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Wik Decision

A 1996 High Court ruling that clarified the relationship between Native Title and pastoral leases.

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Dispossession Effects

The impacts on Aboriginal peoples from being removed from their land, affecting culture and identity.

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Spiritual Responsibilities

The duties Aboriginal people have to care for and maintain their land, tied to their ancestors.

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Religious Landscape

The distribution and patterns of different religions in a population over time.

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Census Data

Statistics collected systematically from a population to analyze demographics, including religion.

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Changing Patterns of Adherence

The trend of how people identify with or practice a religion over time.

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Christianity Statistics (1947)

In 1947, 88% of Australians identified as Christian.

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Declining Christianity

The gradual reduction in the percentage of Christians in Australia over time.

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Current Major Religions (2021)

In 2021, Christianity (43.9%) and No religion (38.9%) were the largest groups.

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Secularism

The separation from religious affiliation and influence in society.

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Immigration's Impact

The role of diverse immigrants in shaping the religious landscape of Australia.

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Lifelong Church Loyalty

Younger individuals (under 40) view commitment to one church as unimportant, unlike those over 60 who see it as crucial.

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New Age Religions

Movement characterized by seeking fulfillment outside traditional churches, influenced by societal issues like poverty and violence.

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Characteristics of New Age

Focus on body, experience, rituals, and connecting mind, body, and spirit with nature.

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Meditation in New Age

Practice aimed at self-enlightenment and peace, commonly used in New Age spirituality.

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Monism

Belief that everything is interconnected and one within New Age philosophies.

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Rise of Secularism

Increasing numbers of individuals finding fulfillment outside religious contexts, reflected in census data.

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New Age Practices

Includes astrology, divination, holistic health, and feng-shui as spiritual tools.

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Post-WWII Migration

Migration to Australia primarily from Eastern Europe after World War II.

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Greek Orthodox

The largest non-Catholic Christian denomination in Australia, with 1.5% of the population in 2021.

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Decline of Christianity

Long-term decrease in Christian affiliation in Australia, from 96% in 1911 to 43.9% in 2021.

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Catholicism in Australia

The largest Christian denomination in Australia, accounting for 20% of the population in 2021.

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Anglican Church Decline

Significant decline in Anglican affiliation over the past 50 years, dropping from 3.1 million to 2.5 million from 2016 to 2021.

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Pentecostal Movement Growth

A growth of 25.7% in Pentecostalism since 1996, mainly among those under 35.

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Christianity nfd

Responses indicating Christianity without a specific denomination, showing a rise from 2016 to 2021.

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Immigration Effects

Increase in immigration to Australia post-WWII as people fled Europe for safety.

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Growth of Non-Christian Religions

Since 2006, the growth of non-Christian religions, particularly Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, has accelerated in Australia.

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Hinduism Growth Rate

Hinduism experienced an 86% growth from 2006 to 2011, making it the largest proportional growth among religions in Australia during that period.

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Sikhism Population Shift

The number of Sikhs in Australia has almost tripled since the 2011 Census, accounting for 0.8% of the population in 2021.

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Denominational Switching

Denominational switching refers to the trend where individuals change their religious affiliation, often prioritizing personal choice over community obligation.

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Spiritual Supermarket Syndrome

A term used to describe the diminishing loyalty to one church due to individualization in society, highlighting a preference for personal choice.

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Catholicism Decline

Catholicism's share of the population declined from 22% in 2016 to 20% in 2021, influenced by immigration patterns.

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Migrant Religious Affiliation

In 2021, a significant proportion of migrants affiliated with Hinduism were from India and Nepal, reflecting demographic changes.

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Rise of Conservative Churches

In the last 20 years, there has been a swing from mainstream liberal churches to more conservative churches, including Evangelical and Pentecostal.

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Anglican Support for Reconciliation

The Anglican Church expressed support for Reconciliation at the 1998 General Synod and funds NATSIEC.

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Uniting Church Apology

In 1994, the Uniting Church made a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for past injustices.

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Islamic Support for Reconciliation

Australian Islamic Councils and leaders have publicly supported Reconciliation initiatives for Indigenous people.

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Judaism and Reconciliation

The Executive Council of Australian Jewry affirmed the importance of Reconciliation in 2006 and supported relevant events.

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Christian Indigenous Movements

Various Aboriginal Christian movements are integrating Aboriginal spirituality into church practices.

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NATSIEC Role

The National ATSI Education Commission (NATSIEC) serves as the peak ecumenical Indigenous body in Australia.

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Caritas Australia Initiatives

Caritas Australia runs the Red Dust Healing program to support cultural healing for Indigenous individuals and families.

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National Reconciliation Week Participation

Many Christian groups actively participate in National Reconciliation Week and similar events to promote healing.

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Study Notes

Religious Expression in Australia Post 1945

  • The study focuses on religious expression in Australia's multicultural and multi-faith society since 1945, including Aboriginal spiritualities.
  • Key learning outcomes include explaining aspects of religion, analyzing the influence of religion on individuals and society, examining religion's influence and expression in Australia, describing and analyzing how religious traditions are expressed, evaluating the influence of religious traditions in adherence's lives, and applying religious terminology.
  • The study will use a variety of sources while addressing any bias.

Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities

  • Aboriginal spirituality is rooted in the Dreaming, ceremonial life and kinship.
  • Issues for Aboriginal spiritualities include dispossession, the effect of dispossession (including separation from the land, kinship groups, and the Stolen Generations), and the Land Rights movement.

Religious Expression in Australia (1945-Present)

  • The religious landscape has changed from 1945 to the present, marked by changing patterns of religious adherence and the current religious landscape.
  • Census data reveals shifts in religious adherence, from a largely Christian-dominated population to increasing diversity and secularism.
  • Immigration, denominational switching, the rise of New Age religions, and secularism significantly shaped Australia's current religious landscape.

Aboriginal Land Rights

  • The Mabo (1992) and Wik (1996) High Court decisions were crucial milestones in establishing Aboriginal land rights.
  • Mabo overturned the concept of terra nullius, recognizing native title.
  • The Native Title Act (1993) codified Mabo and facilitated the process of claiming native title.
  • The Wik decision addressed the co-existence of native title and pastoral leases, further influencing land rights.

Issues for Aboriginal Spiritualities

  • Dispossession had a profound effect on Aboriginal spiritualities.
  • Protection and Assimilation policies aimed to assimilate Aboriginal people and led to the separation of Indigenous children from their families, disrupting traditional spiritual practices.
  • The Stolen Generations negatively impacted traditional kinship and ceremonial life.

Religious Dialogue in Contemporary Australia

  • Ecumenical movements within Christianity and interfaith dialogue feature prominently in Australia's multi-faith context.
  • The National Council of Churches and other organizations facilitated or promoted these initiatives with the goal of fostering religious understanding and cooperation.
  • Interfaith dialogue between Christianity and other religions addressed areas of shared belief about humanity and peace.

Reconciliation

  • The relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions is an important aspect of the reconciliation process.
  • The land, the Dreaming, and kinship are central themes in Aboriginal spiritualities, and the continuing challenge of dispossession is an essential factor.
  • Reconciliation aims to address historical wrongs and create a mutually respectful and equitable relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians.

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Revision Points Notes - Post 1945 Studies of Religion HSC PDF

Description

Explore the evolving religious landscape in Australia, Aboriginal spirituality including the Dreaming and the Land Rights movement, and the impact of dispossession. Also learn about the Native Title Act, Christian denominations, and census data on religious affiliation.

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