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Questions and Answers
When did British colonization in Australia begin?
When did British colonization in Australia begin?
What significant development in Australian English occurred in the late 1800s?
What significant development in Australian English occurred in the late 1800s?
What term was used to describe a rowdy young person in the 19th century Australia?
What term was used to describe a rowdy young person in the 19th century Australia?
Which of the following traits is typically associated with Australian culture?
Which of the following traits is typically associated with Australian culture?
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What was the outcome of the Federation of Australia in 1901 concerning the English language?
What was the outcome of the Federation of Australia in 1901 concerning the English language?
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What characterized the Cultivated Australian English during the late 1800s to mid-1900s?
What characterized the Cultivated Australian English during the late 1800s to mid-1900s?
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What did Alexander Marjoribanks call the word bloody in Australia?
What did Alexander Marjoribanks call the word bloody in Australia?
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Which words became prominent in the Australian lexicon during the establishment of a national identity?
Which words became prominent in the Australian lexicon during the establishment of a national identity?
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Which of the following terms is NOT mentioned as one of the four Bs in Australian English?
Which of the following terms is NOT mentioned as one of the four Bs in Australian English?
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What has been a significant trend in Australian English since the 1980s?
What has been a significant trend in Australian English since the 1980s?
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Root entered Australian English primarily in which decade?
Root entered Australian English primarily in which decade?
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What does the Australian slang 'Fuck me dead' imply?
What does the Australian slang 'Fuck me dead' imply?
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What is the transferred sense of rooted that first appeared in 1947?
What is the transferred sense of rooted that first appeared in 1947?
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Which phrase is commonly used in Australia to express excitement or surprise?
Which phrase is commonly used in Australia to express excitement or surprise?
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How many times did Marjoribanks estimate the average Australian bullock-driver would say bloody in a lifetime?
How many times did Marjoribanks estimate the average Australian bullock-driver would say bloody in a lifetime?
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According to the Australian National Dictionary, what does the term root potentially originate from?
According to the Australian National Dictionary, what does the term root potentially originate from?
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What is the purpose of the Clean Airwaves Act?
What is the purpose of the Clean Airwaves Act?
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What does the term 'Root' signify in Australian slang?
What does the term 'Root' signify in Australian slang?
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In what context was the phrase 'get rooted' used in the 1950s?
In what context was the phrase 'get rooted' used in the 1950s?
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What historical role did swagmen fulfill in Australia?
What historical role did swagmen fulfill in Australia?
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The phrase 'I'm not here to fuck spiders' implies what?
The phrase 'I'm not here to fuck spiders' implies what?
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Which word is NOT included as a profane term in the Clean Airwaves Act?
Which word is NOT included as a profane term in the Clean Airwaves Act?
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What social trend in Australia and New Zealand is referenced regarding swearing?
What social trend in Australia and New Zealand is referenced regarding swearing?
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During which economic periods were swagmen particularly common?
During which economic periods were swagmen particularly common?
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What distinguishes Cultivated Australian from Broad Australian?
What distinguishes Cultivated Australian from Broad Australian?
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Which term refers to someone who works hard to survive in difficult circumstances in Australian English?
Which term refers to someone who works hard to survive in difficult circumstances in Australian English?
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What is the primary association of the term 'bludger' in Australian English?
What is the primary association of the term 'bludger' in Australian English?
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Which of the following best defines the term 'battler' in its original context?
Which of the following best defines the term 'battler' in its original context?
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What does the Australian English term 'swagman' refer to?
What does the Australian English term 'swagman' refer to?
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What aspect of Australian identity does Broad Australian strongly emphasize?
What aspect of Australian identity does Broad Australian strongly emphasize?
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What effect did the establishment of Cultivated and Broad Australian have on lexis?
What effect did the establishment of Cultivated and Broad Australian have on lexis?
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What does the term 'never-never' refer to in Australian English?
What does the term 'never-never' refer to in Australian English?
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What is the original meaning of 'bludger' in the context of Australian slang?
What is the original meaning of 'bludger' in the context of Australian slang?
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What does the term 'dinkum' signify in contemporary Australian English?
What does the term 'dinkum' signify in contemporary Australian English?
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Which phrase exemplifies egalitarian principles in Australian society?
Which phrase exemplifies egalitarian principles in Australian society?
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When did 'dinkum' begin to see widespread use in Australia?
When did 'dinkum' begin to see widespread use in Australia?
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In what context is 'bludger' often used in a derogatory manner?
In what context is 'bludger' often used in a derogatory manner?
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What led to the gradual acceptance of Australian English as a national norm?
What led to the gradual acceptance of Australian English as a national norm?
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What is the relationship between 'bludger' and its violent connotation?
What is the relationship between 'bludger' and its violent connotation?
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Which of the following expressions reflects the significance of fairness in Australia?
Which of the following expressions reflects the significance of fairness in Australia?
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Which accent was socially prestigious in the first half of the twentieth century?
Which accent was socially prestigious in the first half of the twentieth century?
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What does the use of 'bludger' and 'dinkum' illustrate about Australian national identity?
What does the use of 'bludger' and 'dinkum' illustrate about Australian national identity?
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What is an example of how Australian English lexical items were created?
What is an example of how Australian English lexical items were created?
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What was the perceived status of Broad Australian by the end of the twentieth century?
What was the perceived status of Broad Australian by the end of the twentieth century?
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What impact did Received Pronunciation have on Australian English?
What impact did Received Pronunciation have on Australian English?
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What was the primary connotation of the term 'General Australian' by the end of the twentieth century?
What was the primary connotation of the term 'General Australian' by the end of the twentieth century?
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What is the Australian term commonly used for a cooking utensil?
What is the Australian term commonly used for a cooking utensil?
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What characterized the decline of Broad Australian accent?
What characterized the decline of Broad Australian accent?
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Study Notes
Australian and NZ English
- Australian English developed from various dialects of British English brought by the First Fleet in 1788.
- Early Australian English developed distinct characteristics due to diverse linguistic backgrounds of settlers (including convicts).
- Late 1800s-1901: Shaping of Australian identity and Federation fostered a unique Australian English with words like "bush," "dingo," and "swag".
- Late 1800s – mid-1900s saw the rise of a more British-influenced Australian English known as "Cultivated Australian" (elocution teaching influencing speech patterns).
- 1980s-Present: Recognition and standardization of a distinct Australian English variety.
- Australian culture is stereotyped as egalitarian, authentic, resilient, and having irreverent humor. Words like "larrikin" reflect this culture.
Features of Australian English Grammar
- Australian English (AusE) has subtle grammatical differences from standard English, particularly British English.
- Variable use of the present perfect: AusE may use simple past tense where BrE uses present perfect (e.g., "I just ate lunch" vs. "I've just eaten lunch").
- Diminutives and Hypocorisms: Shortened words are common (e.g., brekkie for breakfast, servo for service station).
Pronunciation
- Australian and New Zealand English share phonetic features, making them sometimes difficult to distinguish.
- Pronunciation similarities include linking 'r', 'l'-vocalisation, and pronunciation of /t/ between vowels.
- "High rising terminal" intonation feature is present in both AusE and NZ.
- Vowel in "bit" is raised and fronted in Australia (e.g., "fish and chips" sounds like "feesh and cheeps"), while in New Zealand it's more of a "fush and chups" effect.
Unique Pronouns
- "Youse" is an informal plural second-person pronoun (i.e., to refer to more than one person).
Collective Nouns
- Collective nouns (e.g., team, committee) can take either singular or plural verbs in Australian English, depending on the context.
Words
- The word "bloody" is a common Australian adjective.
- "Dinkum" is an Australian word for "genuine/honest", "reliable and true".
- "Battler" denotes a hard-working person resiliently making a living, while "bludger" represents someone who leverages others.
Swearing
- Common Australian swear words like "bloody", "bugger", "bastard", and "bullshit" stem from general English usage and carry unique cultural connotations in Australian English.
- "Root" is a mild insult and term of endearment, while "shit", "piss", and "cunt" are commonly used swear words, with New Zealand and Australia showing more acceptance.
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Description
Explore the evolution of Australian English from its roots in British dialects brought by early settlers. Discover how historical events like Federation shaped its unique identity and vocabulary. This quiz covers grammatical features and cultural influences that distinguish Australian English today.