Australian and NZ English Overview
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Questions and Answers

When did British colonization in Australia begin?

  • 1901
  • 1700
  • 1801
  • 1788 (correct)

What significant development in Australian English occurred in the late 1800s?

  • Decline of early Australian vernacular
  • Standardization of British speech patterns
  • Formation of the Australian accent (correct)
  • Emergence of Cultivated Australian English

What term was used to describe a rowdy young person in the 19th century Australia?

  • Rebel
  • Scoundrel
  • Larrikin (correct)
  • Ruffian

Which of the following traits is typically associated with Australian culture?

<p>Egalitarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Federation of Australia in 1901 concerning the English language?

<p>Emergence of unifying Australian identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Cultivated Australian English during the late 1800s to mid-1900s?

<p>Alignment with Received Pronunciation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander Marjoribanks call the word bloody in Australia?

<p>The great Australian adjective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which words became prominent in the Australian lexicon during the establishment of a national identity?

<p>Bush, dingo, swag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is NOT mentioned as one of the four Bs in Australian English?

<p>Bloke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant trend in Australian English since the 1980s?

<p>Recognition and standardization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Root entered Australian English primarily in which decade?

<p>1940s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Australian slang 'Fuck me dead' imply?

<p>It's a call to action indicating seriousness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transferred sense of rooted that first appeared in 1947?

<p>To be finished or ruined (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase is commonly used in Australia to express excitement or surprise?

<p>Shitcunt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times did Marjoribanks estimate the average Australian bullock-driver would say bloody in a lifetime?

<p>18.2 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Australian National Dictionary, what does the term root potentially originate from?

<p>A term for penis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Clean Airwaves Act?

<p>To ban specific swear words on broadcast media. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Root' signify in Australian slang?

<p>A very close friend or a mild insult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context was the phrase 'get rooted' used in the 1950s?

<p>To become exhausted or tired (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical role did swagmen fulfill in Australia?

<p>Seasonal laborers seeking work during tough economic times. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'I'm not here to fuck spiders' implies what?

<p>A commitment to focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word is NOT included as a profane term in the Clean Airwaves Act?

<p>Fudge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social trend in Australia and New Zealand is referenced regarding swearing?

<p>Acceptance of swearing leading to dismissal of charges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which economic periods were swagmen particularly common?

<p>The Great Depression and the 1890s. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Cultivated Australian from Broad Australian?

<p>Cultivated Australian expresses nostalgia for British values, whereas Broad Australian is nationalistic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to someone who works hard to survive in difficult circumstances in Australian English?

<p>Battler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary association of the term 'bludger' in Australian English?

<p>A person living off others' efforts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term 'battler' in its original context?

<p>An itinerant rural worker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Australian English term 'swagman' refer to?

<p>A traveler carrying their belongings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Australian identity does Broad Australian strongly emphasize?

<p>Egalitarianism and nationalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the establishment of Cultivated and Broad Australian have on lexis?

<p>Development of culturally significant terms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'never-never' refer to in Australian English?

<p>An area far from urban centers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the original meaning of 'bludger' in the context of Australian slang?

<p>A person living off another's efforts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dinkum' signify in contemporary Australian English?

<p>Genuine and honest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase exemplifies egalitarian principles in Australian society?

<p>Fair play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did 'dinkum' begin to see widespread use in Australia?

<p>During the First World War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is 'bludger' often used in a derogatory manner?

<p>To refer to someone exploiting others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the gradual acceptance of Australian English as a national norm?

<p>The weakening ties with Britain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 'bludger' and its violent connotation?

<p>It indicates a protector using violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following expressions reflects the significance of fairness in Australia?

<p>Fair go (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accent was socially prestigious in the first half of the twentieth century?

<p>Cultivated Australian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of 'bludger' and 'dinkum' illustrate about Australian national identity?

<p>Inclusion of colloquial language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how Australian English lexical items were created?

<p>By borrowing from Aboriginal languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the perceived status of Broad Australian by the end of the twentieth century?

<p>It lost prestige and was often laughed at. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Received Pronunciation have on Australian English?

<p>Its legacy is still present in current accents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary connotation of the term 'General Australian' by the end of the twentieth century?

<p>It was the most accepted form of Australian accent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Australian term commonly used for a cooking utensil?

<p>billy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the decline of Broad Australian accent?

<p>The death of imperial elements in culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Australian slang "fuck me dead"

Indicates serious business; a person should focus and not waste time.

Australian slang "shitcunt"

Conveys excitement, surprise, anger, or disbelief.

Australian slang "root"

A mild insult or term of endearment for close friends.

Clean Airwaves Act

Bans specific swear words on TV and radio in the USA.

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Swagman (Australia, NZ)

Foot-traveling laborer in 19th/20th-century Australia/New Zealand, carrying belongings in a "swag."

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"swag"

The belongings carried by a swagman.

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Economic downturns

Periods of reduced economic activity.

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Bloody (as an Australian adjective)

A common swear word in Australia, used extensively in the 19th century and beyond.

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Social acceptance of swearing

Explains why obscene language charges in Australia/NZ are often dismissed in court.

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Four Bs

A group of four swear words prominent in Australian English.

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Root (in Australian English)

A swear word related to sexual intercourse; meaning 'finished', 'ruined', or 'exhausted'.

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Get rooted

An Australian slang term, meaning getting physically or figuratively 'stuffed' or 'exhausted'.

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Australian swear words

Words considered crude or offensive in a specific cultural context.

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Australian English

The English language spoken in Australia, with its own unique expressions, slang, and grammar.

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Australian slang

A unique and often colorful vocabulary and set of expressions used in Australia.

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Swear words across history

Words that have been used over time, some becoming common and some disappearing or changing in meaning.

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Australian English Development - Early

Australian English began developing unique characteristics in the 1800s, influenced by diverse settlers like convicts and immigrants.

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1901 Federation Impact

Australia's federation in 1901 helped solidify a unique national identity, which influenced Australian English development.

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Cultivated Australian English

A more British-influenced form of Australian English, popular in some social circles during the late 1800s-mid 1900s, often trying to emulate Received Pronunciation.

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Australian English's current status

Australian English is now recognized as a distinct dialect of the English language, with ongoing efforts to document and standardize it.

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Defining words in Australian English

Words like 'bush', 'dingo', and 'swag' are part of Australian English's unique vocabulary.

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Larrikin definition

A mischievous, irreverent person, often challenging authority in a playful, not malicious, way.

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Australian Culture Traits

Australian culture often emphasizes egalitarianism, authenticity, resilience, irreverent humor, and national pride.

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First Fleet Arrival

1788 marked the arrival of the First Fleet and the British colonization, importing various English dialects to Australia.

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Australian 'bludger'

A person who lives off someone else's work, often used as a term of abuse; initially a pimp who used violence to protect his financial interest in a prostitute.

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'Dinkum'

In Australian English, a word meaning reliable, genuine, honest, and true.

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'Fair go'

An important Australian ideal emphasizing equality of opportunity with success based on effort rather than birth or favoritism.

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Broad Australian

A variety of Australian English, encompassing broader range of Australianisms compared to Cultivated Australian.

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General Australian

A variation of Australian English used widely throughout the nation.

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Cultivated Australian

A more formal and prestigious form of Australian English, often associated with social status and influenced by British standards.

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Egalitarianism

A belief in human equality, especially concerning social, political, and economic rights.

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Distinguishing Features of Australian English

Australian English is primarily distinguished by its unique accent and vocabulary.

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Foundation of Australian English

The foundation of Australian English emerged during colonial settlement.

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Source of New Lexical Items

Many new words in Australian English come from Aboriginal languages and adapted English words.

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Australian word for 'cooking utensil'

The word for a 'cooking utensil' in Australian English is 'billy'.

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Impact of Received Pronunciation on Australian English

Received Pronunciation's influence on Australian English was prominent in the early part of the 20th century, but its significance has diminished.

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Shift in Social Prestige of Accents

In the 20th century, the socially prestigious accent in Australia evolved from Cultivated to General Australian

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Battler (Aussie Battler)

A person who works hard for a living.

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Bludger

A person who takes advantage of others' work.

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lexis

The vocabulary of a language.

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Swagman

A person who carries a swag (collection of belongings).

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Outback/Never-Never

Remote areas far from cities.

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Study Notes

Australian and NZ English

  • Australian English developed from various dialects of British English brought by the First Fleet in 1788.
  • Early Australian English developed distinct characteristics due to diverse linguistic backgrounds of settlers (including convicts).
  • Late 1800s-1901: Shaping of Australian identity and Federation fostered a unique Australian English with words like "bush," "dingo," and "swag".
  • Late 1800s – mid-1900s saw the rise of a more British-influenced Australian English known as "Cultivated Australian" (elocution teaching influencing speech patterns).
  • 1980s-Present: Recognition and standardization of a distinct Australian English variety.
  • Australian culture is stereotyped as egalitarian, authentic, resilient, and having irreverent humor. Words like "larrikin" reflect this culture.

Features of Australian English Grammar

  • Australian English (AusE) has subtle grammatical differences from standard English, particularly British English.
  • Variable use of the present perfect: AusE may use simple past tense where BrE uses present perfect (e.g., "I just ate lunch" vs. "I've just eaten lunch").
  • Diminutives and Hypocorisms: Shortened words are common (e.g., brekkie for breakfast, servo for service station).

Pronunciation

  • Australian and New Zealand English share phonetic features, making them sometimes difficult to distinguish.
  • Pronunciation similarities include linking 'r', 'l'-vocalisation, and pronunciation of /t/ between vowels.
  • "High rising terminal" intonation feature is present in both AusE and NZ.
  • Vowel in "bit" is raised and fronted in Australia (e.g., "fish and chips" sounds like "feesh and cheeps"), while in New Zealand it's more of a "fush and chups" effect.

Unique Pronouns

  • "Youse" is an informal plural second-person pronoun (i.e., to refer to more than one person).

Collective Nouns

  • Collective nouns (e.g., team, committee) can take either singular or plural verbs in Australian English, depending on the context.

Words

  • The word "bloody" is a common Australian adjective.
  • "Dinkum" is an Australian word for "genuine/honest", "reliable and true".
  • "Battler" denotes a hard-working person resiliently making a living, while "bludger" represents someone who leverages others.

Swearing

  • Common Australian swear words like "bloody", "bugger", "bastard", and "bullshit" stem from general English usage and carry unique cultural connotations in Australian English.
  • "Root" is a mild insult and term of endearment, while "shit", "piss", and "cunt" are commonly used swear words, with New Zealand and Australia showing more acceptance.

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Australian and NZ English PDF

Description

Explore the evolution of Australian English from its roots in British dialects brought by early settlers. Discover how historical events like Federation shaped its unique identity and vocabulary. This quiz covers grammatical features and cultural influences that distinguish Australian English today.

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