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Questions and Answers
Which archaeological culture is associated with the earliest evidence for art and musical instruments in Europe?
Which archaeological culture is associated with the earliest evidence for art and musical instruments in Europe?
Where is Altamira located?
Where is Altamira located?
Which site in Canada is considered to be the earliest in eastern Beringia, dating to around 22,000 cal BC?
Which site in Canada is considered to be the earliest in eastern Beringia, dating to around 22,000 cal BC?
What is the significance of Blackwater Draw Locality 1?
What is the significance of Blackwater Draw Locality 1?
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Which land bridge connected Siberia to Alaska during the Pleistocene?
Which land bridge connected Siberia to Alaska during the Pleistocene?
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What do ochre, hematite, and ostrich eggshell fragments at a site suggest?
What do ochre, hematite, and ostrich eggshell fragments at a site suggest?
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Where is Buang Merabak, one of the earliest archaeological sites documenting the colonization of Sahul, located?
Where is Buang Merabak, one of the earliest archaeological sites documenting the colonization of Sahul, located?
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What does Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE) explore?
What does Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE) explore?
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What is suggested about Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer-foragers in terms of mobility?
What is suggested about Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer-foragers in terms of mobility?
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What does the presence of small flaked stone artifacts at Grotte des Contrabandiers suggest about the area?
What does the presence of small flaked stone artifacts at Grotte des Contrabandiers suggest about the area?
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When did the technologies of the Later Stone Age spread out of Africa?
When did the technologies of the Later Stone Age spread out of Africa?
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What period do we assign tools and behaviors that spread throughout Eurasia starting around 45,000 cal BC?
What period do we assign tools and behaviors that spread throughout Eurasia starting around 45,000 cal BC?
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What sets the Aurignacian culture apart from the Neandertals?
What sets the Aurignacian culture apart from the Neandertals?
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Where are the earliest modern humans in Europe found?
Where are the earliest modern humans in Europe found?
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What type of cultural expressions became commonplace throughout Europe after 40,000 cal BC?
What type of cultural expressions became commonplace throughout Europe after 40,000 cal BC?
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Which site yielded a tiny female human figurine ('Venus') dating back to more than 33,000 cal BC?
Which site yielded a tiny female human figurine ('Venus') dating back to more than 33,000 cal BC?
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What is hinted at by the presence of eyed bone needles in Russia dating to 32,000 cal BC?
What is hinted at by the presence of eyed bone needles in Russia dating to 32,000 cal BC?
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Which cave contains stunning Upper Paleolithic animal depictions like cave bears, horses, and rhinoceros?
Which cave contains stunning Upper Paleolithic animal depictions like cave bears, horses, and rhinoceros?
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What is one of the proposed functions of cave art mentioned in the text?
What is one of the proposed functions of cave art mentioned in the text?
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During the late Pleistocene, how much lower were sea levels compared to today according to the text?
During the late Pleistocene, how much lower were sea levels compared to today according to the text?
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What was the land mass that united Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and parts of Indonesia called during the late Pleistocene?
What was the land mass that united Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and parts of Indonesia called during the late Pleistocene?
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How were New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania connected during the late Pleistocene?
How were New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania connected during the late Pleistocene?
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What does genetic evidence support regarding the initial peopling of Sahul?
What does genetic evidence support regarding the initial peopling of Sahul?
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Where is the earliest archaeological evidence in Sahul located according to the text?
Where is the earliest archaeological evidence in Sahul located according to the text?
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What is implied by the fact that hatchets have not been found in the areas where colonizing populations for Sahul originated?
What is implied by the fact that hatchets have not been found in the areas where colonizing populations for Sahul originated?
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What is the significance of the Carpenters Gap site dating back to 47,000 cal BC?
What is the significance of the Carpenters Gap site dating back to 47,000 cal BC?
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Based on genetic evidence, what does the Berengian Standstill hypothesis propose?
Based on genetic evidence, what does the Berengian Standstill hypothesis propose?
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What event marked the beginning of the worldwide climate rebound from the Last Glacial Maximum?
What event marked the beginning of the worldwide climate rebound from the Last Glacial Maximum?
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Which area was occupied as early as 45,000 cal BP according to the text?
Which area was occupied as early as 45,000 cal BP according to the text?
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What is the most widely accepted route into the Americas during the late Pleistocene?
What is the most widely accepted route into the Americas during the late Pleistocene?
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Study Notes
Territorial Markers and Symbolic Communication
- Cave art could have served as a method of symbolically communicating identity and marking territories of ethnic groups.
Worldwide Expansion and Sea Levels
- During the late Pleistocene, sea levels were 120-140 meters (390-460 feet) lower than today, exposing land areas and enabling expansion into new regions.
Australia/New Guinea and the Land Masses
- At 50,000 cal BC, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and parts of Indonesia formed a single land mass called Sunda.
- New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania were connected as a land mass called Sahul, separated from Sunda by a 50-100 kilometer water gap.
- Genetic evidence supports a coastal route from the Horn of Africa, along Sunda, and into Sahul.
- The earliest archaeological evidence in Sahul is Madjebebe in northern Australia, dating to 65,000 years ago.
Key Archaeological Sites
- Altamira: a painted cave site in Spain with Magdalenian Upper Paleolithic images.
- Apollo 11 Cave: a Later Stone Age site in Namibia, Africa, containing the oldest known African rock art (30,000-28,000 cal BC).
- Blackwater Draw Locality 1: a Paleoamerican Clovis kill and butchery site in New Mexico, USA.
- Bluefish Caves: the earliest site in eastern Beringia (Canada), dating to 22,000 cal BC.
- Buang Merabak: one of the earliest archaeological sites in New Guinea, documenting the colonization of Sahul at least 43,000-42,000 cal BC.
- Carpenters Gap: an archaeological site in western Australia, dating to 47,000 cal BC.
- Caverna de Pedra Pintada: a Paleoamerican site in the Amazon region of Brazil.
Human Behavioral Ecology
- Human behavioral ecology (HBE) explores the costs and benefits of behavioral strategies in hunter-gatherer-foragers.
Upper Paleolithic Europe
- The Aurignacian culture dates to between 43,000 and 33,000 cal BC and is associated with modern humans.
- The earliest modern humans in Europe are found in Russia, Italy, and England.
- The art and hunting sophistication of Aurignacian peoples illustrate how they differ from previous groups.
The Americas
- The first people to reach the Americas originated in Siberia (Russia), specifically the Altai Mountains.
- Southern Siberia was occupied as early as 45,000 cal BP, and northeastern Siberia as early as 30,000 cal BP.
- The "Berengian Standstill" hypothesis suggests that some of these people reached the Alaskan area by 25,000 cal BP.
- After 19,000 cal BC, populations migrated east into the Americas through the Beringia land bridge.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and differences of the Aurignacian culture of Central and Western Europe, which dates back to between 43,000 and 33,000 cal BC. Discover how these people's settlement patterns compared to Neanderthals and the emergence of modern behavior like art and music in the Aurignacian period.
