Augustine and Rhetoric in Christianity

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Augustine's view on rhetoric in the context of Christianity?

  • Augustine focused on the purely spiritual aspect of rhetoric, rejecting any practical usage and focusing solely on the internal contemplation of divine truths.
  • Augustine argued that rhetoric could be a tool for spreading the Christian message, but it needed to be cleansed of its pagan excesses. (correct)
  • Augustine believed rhetoric should be entirely abolished due to its pagan origins.
  • Augustine fully embraced classical rhetorical theory, seeing it as a perfect tool for expressing Christian truth.

Why did Augustine believe it was still important to study pagan rhetoric?

  • Augustine believed that studying pagan rhetoric was a necessary evil, a tool to understand and combat pagan influence.
  • Augustine believed that studying pagan rhetoric was the only way to truly refute its validity and demonstrate the superiority of Christian thought.
  • Augustine saw pagan rhetoric as a source of pure, untainted knowledge that could be directly applied to Christian teachings.
  • Augustine believed that studying pagan rhetoric provided a foundation for understanding the intricacies of language and could be used to express Christian truths more effectively. (correct)

Which of these statements accurately represents Augustine's view on the relationship between language and God?

  • Augustine believed that God's existence could be proven through the power of language alone.
  • Augustine believed that language was ultimately irrelevant to understanding God, as true faith came solely from personal experience.
  • Augustine believed that language was inherently limited and could never fully capture the vastness of God. (correct)
  • Augustine believed that human language was a perfect reflection of God's infinite nature.

What was the role of the Byzantine Empire in the preservation of classical Greek rhetoric?

<p>The Byzantine Empire helped to preserve classical Greek rhetoric by teaching it and by preserving manuscripts of classic texts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Augustine's perspective on attaining knowledge?

<p>Augustine believed that true knowledge was a gift from God, accessible through divine revelation and contemplation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary purposes of rhetoric, according to Augustine, in the context of Christianity?

<p>To preach, teach, delight, and move people closer to God through the power of language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of rhetorical teaching in the Byzantine Empire?

<p>Teaching the classical Greek rhetorical theory and philosophy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the Byzantine Empire's influence on the Italian Renaissance?

<p>The preservation of classical Greek and Roman manuscripts by Byzantine scholars. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Augustine mean by 'cleansing the mind' in the context of rhetoric?

<p>Removing the influences of pagan rhetoric and focusing on the contemplation of divine truths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between rhetoric and the preservation of classical Greek and Roman manuscripts in the Byzantine Empire?

<p>Rhetoric was directly involved in the process of copying and preserving manuscripts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices could be considered a direct application of Augustine's views on rhetoric?

<p>A preacher using eloquent language to inspire faith in his congregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Augustine's understanding of rhetoric differ from classical Roman rhetoric?

<p>Augustine emphasized the importance of rhetoric as a tool for inspiring faith and moving people closer to God, while classical Roman rhetoric focused on persuasion and social influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Byzantine Empire contribute to the spread of classical Greek rhetoric outside its borders?

<p>Through trade and the movement of scholars and refugees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Byzantine Empire's approach to incorporating outsiders into their society?

<p>They were generally welcoming towards outsiders and embraced their cultural diversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspects of society during the Byzantine Empire contributed to its wealth and power?

<p>Strong military forces and control of global trade routes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Byzantine Empire's understanding of rhetoric differ from the Western Canon?

<p>The Byzantines heavily incorporated Christian themes into their rhetorical theory, while the Western Canon focused primarily on secular themes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rhetoric in Christian Europe

The adaptation of rhetoric during the 5th-15th centuries to align with Christian teachings and values.

Effects of the Dark Ages

Destruction of libraries and decline in literacy in Western Europe due to wars and instability.

Surviving Roman Texts

Key Roman rhetorical texts like 'Rhetorica ad Herennium' and Cicero's 'De Inventione' that influenced Christian rhetoric.

Distrust of Classical Theories

Educated individuals' skepticism towards classical rhetoric as these works were seen as influenced by paganism.

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Medieval Rhetoric Domains

Rhetoric's application in medieval times included church sermons, poetry, and letters.

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Rhetoric and Truth

The idea that rhetoric could be adapted to convey absolute truth and correct errors, as influenced by Platonic thought.

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Purposes of Rhetoric

Rhetoric should delight, teach, and move audiences, especially in a religious context.

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Learning Pagan Classics

The recommendation to study pagan texts in order to understand divine mysteries and control excesses.

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Eastern Roman Empire

A state surviving from 330-1453 CE, influential in culture and trade.

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Great Schism of 1054

The split of the early Christian church into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic.

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Roman Catholicism

The western branch of Christianity, led by the Pope from the Vatican.

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Eastern Orthodoxy

The eastern branch of Christianity centered in Constantinople, led by a Patriarch.

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Byzantine influence on rhetoric

Preserved Greek rhetorical traditions and manuscripts, influencing Renaissance.

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Role of Byzantine Christians

Served as critics and archivists of classical works, influencing Western thought.

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Silk and Spice trade

Key economic activities in the Eastern Roman Empire facilitating wealth and culture.

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Classical Greek rhetorical theory

The body of work and philosophy influencing rhetoric taught in the Byzantine Empire.

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Study Notes

Rhetoric in the Early Middle Ages

  • Rhetoric in the 5th-15th centuries adapted to Christian Europe's needs.
  • Education systems changed, along with wars and sacking which damaged libraries.
  • Fewer people could read and write.
  • Classical rhetoric and other subjects were less common in Western Europe.

Relationship to Classics

  • Significant Ancient Greek and Roman works were lost.
  • Roman rhetorical texts survived and were widely used.
    • Rhetorica ad Herennium (anonymous)
    • De Inventione by Cicero
  • Questions to consider: What aspects of Cicero's work were particularly helpful at this time?

Relationship to Classics (Christianity)

  • As Christianity expanded, educated people often distrusted classical theories.
  • Classical theories were viewed as tainted due to being written by non-Christians.
  • The "immorality and excesses of pagan Rome" were perceived as inherent in the theories.

Comparison of Eras

  • Comparison table showcasing rhetoric's spread across time periods (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Byzantine Empire).
  • Key columns include Rhetoric Domain, time period, practices, and characteristics. Examples include Rhetoric associated with Politics, Courts, Church, Personae, or mixtures of rhetoric like Politics and religion.

Saint Augustine

  • Born in North Africa, with a Christian mother and pagan father.
  • Studied in Carthage.
  • Professor of Rhetoric in Milan for 10 years.
  • Converted from rhetoric to Christianity.

Rhetoric of Saint Augustine

  • Believed rhetoric was adaptable.
  • Used elements of classical/Roman rhetoric and adapted them to align with a Christian understanding of truth.

Preacher's Dilemma

  • The challenge of creating rhetoric relevant to God's infinite nature while understanding that language is limited.
  • Augustine believed in cleansing the mind for contemplation of God.
  • Rhetoric is used to rectify error and teach truth, seen as medicine for sick souls (Platonic notion).

St. Augustine's Beliefs

  • Believed in an absolute truth rooted in God's knowledge.
  • Encouraged learning from pagan classics (rhetoric) to understand and control them.
  • Suggested learning about divine mysteries.
  • Encouraged controlling the excesses of paganism.

St. Augustine's Borrowed Theories

  • Applied Cicero's rhetoric theories for preaching.
    • To delight
    • To teach
    • To move

Tasks of a Christian Teacher

  • Tasks of a Christian teacher, including learning scripture, teaching it, and defending it.

12th & 13th Century Rhetorical Arts

  • The Art of preaching
  • The Art of Letter Writing (useful in business, civic life, and church).
  • Rhetorical forms open to women.
  • The Art of Poetry

Byzantine Empire

  • Eastern Roman Empire (330-1453 CE).
  • Largely excluded from the Western canon.
  • The only organized state west of China to survive uninterrupted from ancient times to the modern age.

Byzantine Culture

  • Wealthy society with significant silk and spice trade.
  • Welcomed Outsiders and recognized multiculturalism.
  • Continued teaching of classics (e.g., science, metaphysics).
  • Arts often centered on religious themes.

History of Christianity

  • Early Christian church split into two branches after the Great Schism of 1054.
  • Western church known as Roman Catholicism, located in Vatican City.
  • Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople, leading the Eastern church.
  • Eastern Christians known as Orthodox Christians

Why Care About This?

  • Learning the Western canon of rhetoric reveals how leadership, cooperation, and influence have evolved.
  • The Byzantine Empire significantly contributed to rhetoric's development despite not being part of the traditional Western canon.
  • The empire preserved Greek and Roman manuscripts and transmitted knowledge to Italy during the Renaissance.

What Should I Remember About Byzantine Rhetoric?

  • Lack of unique new rhetoric theories.
  • Focused on classical Greek theories of rhetoric and philosophy.
  • Favored Plato; Eastern Orthodox Christians.
  • Served multiple functions, including preservation of texts for the Renaissance.

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Rhetoric in the Early Middle Ages and Byzantine Empire PDF

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