Auditory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily promotes the filtration of blood through the glomerular capillaries?

Hydrostatic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Glomerular Capillaries

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule

Hydrostatic Pressure of Glomerular Capillaries (correct)

What primarily prevents plasma proteins from filtering into Bowman’s capsule?

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Fluid in the Bowman’s capsule

Size and charge of the proteins (correct)

Highly permeable endothelial cells

Which pressure opposes the filtration process in Bowman’s capsule?

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Glomerular Capillaries

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule

Hydrostatic Pressure of Glomerular Capillaries

Hydrostatic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule (correct)

What contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries?

Proteins dissolved in the plasma Signup and view all the answers

What structure regulates the size of spaces that affect filtration in the kidney?

Filtration slits formed by podocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the outer ear?

To collect and amplify sound, directing it into the ear canal Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear?

Auditory ossicles Signup and view all the answers

How does the cochlea contribute to hearing?

By converting sound vibrations into neural signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the round window in the auditory system?

To dissipate sound waves from the cochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation?

Semi-circular canals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the auditory tube (eustachian tube)?

To equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum Signup and view all the answers

What happens when sound waves strike the tympanic membrane?

They vibrate the malleus Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid fills the lower scala tympani?

Perilymph Signup and view all the answers

The function of the stereocilia in the cochlea is primarily to:

Convert sound waves into action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the vestibular system detects horizontal head movements?

Lateral semicircular canal Signup and view all the answers

How does movement towards the kinocilia affect neurotransmitter release?

Increases neurotransmitter release Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?

To stabilize vision during head movement Signup and view all the answers

What primarily separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct?

Basilar membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about perilymph is true?

It is ionic solution rich in sodium Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, vessels, blood Signup and view all the answers

In normal hair cell function, which condition results in baseline neurotransmitter release?

Hair cells are at rest Signup and view all the answers

What role do heart valves play in the cardiovascular system?

They prevent the back-flow of blood into the previous chamber. Signup and view all the answers

How does the heart's contraction initiation process work?

It starts at the apex of the heart and spreads upwards. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential during the action potential of cardiac muscle cells?

Calcium ions required for depolarization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the interventricular septum?

To create a barrier preventing oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood from mixing. Signup and view all the answers

What causes heart sounds referred to as 'lub' and 'dub'?

'Lub' is caused by the opening of ventricles, and 'dub' is from AV valves closing. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle cells are primarily involved in the heart's contraction?

Cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature helps lock cardiac muscle cells together?

Intercalated discs. Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute distinguishes contractile cells in cardiac muscle tissue?

They are striated due to thin and thick myofilament arrangement. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the depolarization process in cardiac muscle cells?

Influx of calcium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What regulates blood flow intrinsically within a tissue or organ?

Intrinsic mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What substance released by the atria causes vasodilation?

Atrial natriuretic peptide Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor does epinephrine bind to in order to cause vasodilation?

Beta-adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of norepinephrine when released by sympathetic neurons?

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

According to the myogenic theory, what happens during a rise in blood pressure (BP)?

Vasoconstriction occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypotension on blood flow?

Inadequate blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an extrinsic mechanism of blood flow regulation?

Neural innervation from the sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly describes mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure) Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from chronic hypertension?

Development of heart diseases and strokes Signup and view all the answers

What role do humoral regulators play in blood flow?

They change the radius of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Auditory System

The outer ear collects and amplifies sound, directing it into the ear canal. It also helps determine sound direction and distance.
The ear canal has a shape that amplifies certain frequencies and protects the eardrum from foreign substances. Earwax (cerumen) is produced to trap substances.
The auditory ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes) transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
The semicircular canals have a loop shape and maintain balance and spatial orientation. Each loop is oriented in a different plane—horizontal, anterior, and posterior.
The cochlea is a fluid-filled structure that converts sound vibrations into neural signals sent to the brain.
The auditory tube (Eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat). It equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum and drains fluid from the middle ear.
The eardrum (tympanic membrane) is thin, cone-shaped, separating the external ear from the middle ear. Sound waves vibrating it triggers the malleus.
The round window allows sound waves to dissipate.
The oval window is where the stapes vibrates, setting up waves detected by hair cells that transmit information to nerve cells.

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The heart is a pump that moves blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood.
Blood is a fluid that carries important gases.
The heart has cardiac muscle cells called cardiomyocytes, allowing for contraction and relaxation.
Two types of cells: Contractile cells: striated cells, use calcium to contract; Nodal cells: self-excitable, conduct APs, create heart beats.
The heart valves prevent backflow of blood between chambers. Heart sounds ("lub" and "dub") are the closing sounds of these heart valves.
The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the heart.

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle describes the events of one complete heartbeat.
It has five phases:
- Isovolumetric ventricular systole: ventricles contract but cannot pump blood, volume doesn't change
- Ventricular systole: blood moves into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
- Isovolumetric ventricular diastole: ventricles relax but cannot fill, volume doesn't change
- Late ventricular diastole: ventricles relax and fill with blood
- Atrial systole: atrial contract, moving blood into ventricles
EDV (End Diastolic Volume): amount of blood in ventricles before contraction
ESV (End Systolic Volume): amount of blood remaining in ventricles after contraction
SV (Stroke Volume): amount of blood pumped per heartbeat (EDV - ESV)

Blood Vessels

The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
Blood flows from arteries into arterioles and then into capillaries (smallest blood vessels).
Blood enters venules and then veins.
Blood vessels consist of three layers: Tunica externa (outermost), Tunica media (middle), Tunica interna (innermost) (aka endothelial cells).
Arteries conduct blood away from the heart.
Arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
Capillaries are exchange vessels, allowing for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
Venules and veins return blood to the heart.
Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins.

Blood Flow

Blood flow is influenced by pressure gradients and resistance.
Blood flow is needed to increase blood supply to active tissues and decrease it to inactive tissues
Factors affecting resistance: Viscosity, length of vessel, radius of lumen
Capillaries have single-cell-thick walls, facilitating exchange.
Types of transport in capillaries: Transcellular transport (through cells) and Paracellular transport (between cells).

Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Local regulation: changes in organ/tissue conditions (intrinsic mechanisms)
Humoral regulation: substances traveling in blood (extrinsic mechanisms); hormones like epinephrine, angiotensin II, or ADH cause vasoconstriction.
Neural regulation: sympathetic nervous system (extrinsic mechanisms) releasing norepinephrine constricting blood vessels.
Factors affecting regulation include myogenic theory (changes in BP related to vasoconstriction/vasodilation) and metabolic theory (metabolites like oxygen and carbon dioxide affecting vessel diameter).
Negative, feedback loop of baroreceptor reflex (stretch receptors) stabilizes blood pressure.

Kidney

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys.
Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a tubule.
The renal corpuscle is made of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus (a capillary bed).
Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle (water, salts, glucose, amino acids enter Bowman's capsule from blood in the glomerulus).
Tubules reabsorb useful molecules (water, salts, nutrients) back into the blood.
The remaining is excreted as urine.
The kidney is responsible for maintaining water and salt balance in the body.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): the volume of fluid filtered by glomeruli each minute.

Filtration

Four forces influence glomerular filtration: Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (high), colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (low), hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule (low), colloid osmotic pressure in Bowman's capsule (low).
Net filtration pressure (NFP): difference between forces favoring and opposing filtration (NFP=([Hydrostatic pressure glomerular capillaries + Colloid Osmotic pressure Bowman's capsule) - (Hydrostatic pressure Bowman's capsule + Colloid Osmotic pressure glomerular capillaries)])

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

GFR is the volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys.
Conditions influencing GFR: blood pressure, blood flow to the kidneys, and the size of the glomerulus.
GFR is closely regulated by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) for homeostasis.
GFR decreases in kidney disease and significantly lowers in kidney failure.

Tubule Transport

Transport mechanisms in the tubule cells include channels, uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.
Active Transport: requires energy (ATP). Moves substances against their concentration gradient.
Facilitated Diffusion: uses transport protein. Moves substances passively with their concentration gradient.
Passive Transport: moves along the electrochemical and concentration gradients.
Tubules of the nephron have different functions and varying transport mechanisms to reabsorb water and solutes (nutrients) and secrete waste products (ions).

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Description

Explore the fascinating components of the auditory system in this quiz. From the outer ear to the cochlea, learn how sound is collected, amplified, and processed into neural signals. Understand the roles of various structures in hearing and balance.