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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of inner hair cells in the auditory system?
What is the primary function of inner hair cells in the auditory system?
Damage to outer hair cells results in total hearing loss.
Damage to outer hair cells results in total hearing loss.
False
What are Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE's) a sign of?
What are Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE's) a sign of?
Cochlear health
The __________ causes stereocilia deflection towards the limbus and hyperpolarization of the hair cell.
The __________ causes stereocilia deflection towards the limbus and hyperpolarization of the hair cell.
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Match the components of the vestibular apparatus with their descriptions:
Match the components of the vestibular apparatus with their descriptions:
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What is the primary role of the vestibular system?
What is the primary role of the vestibular system?
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The pinna enhances low-frequency sounds more effectively than high-frequency sounds.
The pinna enhances low-frequency sounds more effectively than high-frequency sounds.
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What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane in the middle ear?
What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane in the middle ear?
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The EAM is an acoustic resonator with peak resonance between _____ Hz.
The EAM is an acoustic resonator with peak resonance between _____ Hz.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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Which cranial nerves innervate the External Auditory Meatus?
Which cranial nerves innervate the External Auditory Meatus?
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The head shadow effect aids in sound localization.
The head shadow effect aids in sound localization.
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The ______ area of the tympanic membrane is the most elastic portion.
The ______ area of the tympanic membrane is the most elastic portion.
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What typically happens if outer hair cells (OHCs) are damaged?
What typically happens if outer hair cells (OHCs) are damaged?
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Otoacoustic emissions (OAE's) reflect neural function.
Otoacoustic emissions (OAE's) reflect neural function.
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What is the primary role of inner hair cells (IHC's) in the auditory system?
What is the primary role of inner hair cells (IHC's) in the auditory system?
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The cochlear microphonic mimics the ______ of a sound stimulus.
The cochlear microphonic mimics the ______ of a sound stimulus.
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Which type of auditory nerve fibers connects to inner hair cells (IHC's)?
Which type of auditory nerve fibers connects to inner hair cells (IHC's)?
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Match the components of the balance system to their descriptions:
Match the components of the balance system to their descriptions:
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The cochlear nucleus is located in the brain's cortex.
The cochlear nucleus is located in the brain's cortex.
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The membranous structure of the vestibular system is secured to the bony labyrinth by ______.
The membranous structure of the vestibular system is secured to the bony labyrinth by ______.
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What is the primary role of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea?
What is the primary role of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea?
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Positive acoustic decay indicates a good condition of the auditory system.
Positive acoustic decay indicates a good condition of the auditory system.
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What fluid is found in the scala media?
What fluid is found in the scala media?
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The ___ is the bony structure that protects the area between the oval and round window.
The ___ is the bony structure that protects the area between the oval and round window.
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Which nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
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Match the inner ear structures with their functions:
Match the inner ear structures with their functions:
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Potassium entering the hair cells leads to hyperpolarization of the cells.
Potassium entering the hair cells leads to hyperpolarization of the cells.
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The inner ear contains ___ fluid in the scala vestibuli.
The inner ear contains ___ fluid in the scala vestibuli.
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What structure divides the cochlea into three ducts?
What structure divides the cochlea into three ducts?
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Which of the following structures are part of the first group of specialized sensory receptors?
Which of the following structures are part of the first group of specialized sensory receptors?
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The two horizontal semicircular canals are arranged in orthogonal planes.
The two horizontal semicircular canals are arranged in orthogonal planes.
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What are the two otolithic organs?
What are the two otolithic organs?
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The hair cells in the ampulla are located on a mound of supporting cells called the ______.
The hair cells in the ampulla are located on a mound of supporting cells called the ______.
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What is the hearing conservation program monitored for?
What is the hearing conservation program monitored for?
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Increased stress from noise exposure can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Increased stress from noise exposure can lead to cardiovascular disease.
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Match the following semicircular canals with their pairs:
Match the following semicircular canals with their pairs:
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List two mental impacts of noise exposure.
List two mental impacts of noise exposure.
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What is the required dB range for noise exposure measurement in the workplace?
What is the required dB range for noise exposure measurement in the workplace?
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Employers must repeat monitoring whenever there are changes in production, process, or controls that decrease noise exposure.
Employers must repeat monitoring whenever there are changes in production, process, or controls that decrease noise exposure.
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What are the two types of audiograms required in the hearing conservation program?
What are the two types of audiograms required in the hearing conservation program?
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A sound source needs to have _____ and elasticity to produce sound.
A sound source needs to have _____ and elasticity to produce sound.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
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What must be included in the audiometric testing program mandated by employers?
What must be included in the audiometric testing program mandated by employers?
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A Standard Threshold Shift (STS) is defined as a shift of 10 dB or more at frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 hertz.
A Standard Threshold Shift (STS) is defined as a shift of 10 dB or more at frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 hertz.
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What is the Hearing Level Threshold?
What is the Hearing Level Threshold?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems
- Hearing is a result of the peripheral and central nervous systems working together
- The vestibular system is responsible for perceiving changes in head movement and maintaining balance
- The temporal bone supports and protects the structures of the auditory periphery, including the outer, middle, and inner ears, as well as cranial nerves 7 and 8.
Outer Ear
- The pinna has a funnel effect, enhancing frequencies around 5 kHz.
- The pinna effect collects higher frequencies more efficiently due to its ridges and recesses.
- The head shadow effect is a directional auditory effect where sounds presented to one side of the head will be louder in that ear, while the opposite ear has a reduced intensity due to the head's interference.
- The outer ear aids sound localization by creating complex sound resonance which changes as the sound source location changes.
External Auditory Meatus/ Ear Canal
- The ear canal is 2.5-3 cm in length and 0.75 cm in diameter.
- It is lined with epidermis, contains hair follicles, and glands that produce cerumen. This canal is innervated by the trigeminal (5th), facial (7th), and glossopharyngeal (9th) cranial nerves
- The canal acts as an acoustic resonator, with a peak resonance around 3000-4000 Hz.
Middle Ear
- The middle ear is an air-filled cavity acting as a filter altering the transmission of some low-frequency sounds.
Tympanic Membrane
- The tympanic membrane is 8-10 mm in diameter and made of three layers (epidermal, fibrous, and membranous).
- The fibrous layer includes the Pars Tensa (stiffer area) and Pars Flaccida (more elastic).
- An annular ligament lines the rim of the membrane anchoring it to the ear canal wall.
- The umbo is located in the center of the membrane, marking the attachment point for the malleus.
Ossicular Chain
- The ossicular chain transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea, dampening high-intensity sounds and stabilizing middle ear transmission.
- The chain consists of malleus, incus, and stapes.
- The eustachian tube balances air pressure within the middle ear by opening the mouth or swallowing, helping to direct fluid from the nose or mouth.
Transformer Action
- Sound travels through the air from a low impedance to a high impedance (fluid-filled cochlea).
- To allow for an efficient transmission, there are three key mechanisms: Area ratio between the tympanic membrane and stapes footplate, lever advantage of the middle ear bones, and the way the malleus and incus interact, and the way the malleus and incus interact.
Acoustic Reflex
- It diminishes the high-intensity sounds to protect the inner ear, accomplished by the contraction of the stapedius muscle.
- The reflex is activated by sounds with intensities above 70-90 dB HL from 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz.
Inner Ear
- The cochlea is a bony, snail-shaped structure with 2.2-2.9 turns.
- It is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
- Fluid within the cochlea includes endolymph and perilymph.
- Membranes (basilar, tectorial, and Reissner's) divide the cochlea into three ducts (vestibular, middle, and tympanic).
- The helicotrema is where the scala vestibuli and tympani communicate.
Cochlear Potentials
- Endocochlear/ resting potential.
- Cochlear microphonic is the summation of hair cell responses, mimicking the stimulus.
- Summating potential represents a direct current generated by hair cells.
Auditory Nerve
- The auditory nerve (CN VIII) connects the cochlea with the brainstem's cochlear nucleus via the auditory pathway, starting from the cochlea.
- One component of type 1 fibers connects with IHCs (90%) and type 2 fibers with OHCs.
- Tonotopic organization specifies the frequency sensitivity of a neuronal position.
Balance System
- The balance system involves multiple sensory systems.
- The relevant systems include the vestibular system (inner ear), visual system, somatic sensory/ proprioceptive system, and cerebellum, information integrated in the brain stem and affected by the cerebral cortex.
Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)
- OAEs are sounds generated by the inner ear, a sign of cochlear health.
- OHCs are linked to OAE production, and their damage often results in the absence of OAEs.
- They are tested by measuring their intensity range.
Cochlear Implants
- Cochlear implants bypass disordered cochlear hair cells.
- They use electrical stimulation to stimulate the auditory nerve directly.
- The electrodes are placed in the scala tympani.
- There are 12-22 electrodes in the array.
- The electrodes are designed based on frequency and speech understanding are paramount.
Hearing Aids vs Cochlear Implants
- The benefit of cochlear implants is mainly hearing and speech perception skill enhancement, improvement in lip-reading, improvement in speech production, and improvement in speech comprehension.
- Hearing impairments are non-surgical, using acoustic energy to mechanically stimulate the sensory hair cells.
- Cochlear implants are surgical, using electrical impulses to directly stimulate the auditory nerve and bypass disordered cochlear cells.
Cochlear Implant Processing Strategy
- The input signal is converted to an electrical code that uses frequency, temporal, and amplitude cues for optimal speech perception representation, and to account for variable listening situations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the auditory system, focusing on inner and outer hair cells, Otoacoustic Emissions, and the vestibular apparatus. This quiz covers their functions, anatomy, and roles in hearing and balance. Ideal for students of audiology and related fields.
