Auditory and Sensory Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the auditory sensory system?

  • To transmit signals related to sight to the brain
  • To interpret sound waves for hearing (correct)
  • To detect and process chemical stimuli
  • To regulate balance and spatial orientation

Which structures are included in the auditory sensory organs?

  • Nasal cavity and taste buds
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Outer, middle, and inner ear (correct)
  • Skin and mucous membranes

What role do environmental factors play in an individual's development?

  • They solely determine genetic predisposition
  • They have minimal impact on cognitive skills
  • They only affect physical traits
  • They influence development through external influences (correct)

How do chemical sensory systems primarily function?

<p>By detecting and processing chemical stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of disorders in the auditory sensory system?

<p>Hearing loss or tinnitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does heredity (nature) primarily pertain to?

<p>The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences taste perception?

<p>Genetics, age, and past experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for studying the impact of heredity on behavior?

<p>Twin studies comparing identical and fraternal twins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adrenaline in the body?

<p>To trigger the body's fight-or-flight response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the activation synthesis dream theory propose about the nature of dreams?

<p>Dreams are the brain's interpretation of random neural activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of addiction?

<p>It is marked by compulsive engagement despite negative consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of afterimage occurs when the colors of the original image are reversed?

<p>Negative afterimage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agonist drugs in neurotransmission?

<p>They mimic neurotransmitters and activate receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the all-or-nothing principle in neuron firing?

<p>Neurons either fire at full strength or not at all (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes aphasia?

<p>It impairs the ability to communicate effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the consequences of chronic stress related to adrenaline?

<p>Overproduction of adrenaline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does amplitude refer to in the context of psychological experiences?

<p>The strength or intensity of a sensory or emotional experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antagonist drugs?

<p>They block the action of neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the amygdala is accurate?

<p>It plays a key role in emotional processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly occurs during the use of alcohol as a depressant?

<p>Relaxation and impaired judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptom of addiction?

<p>Cravings and loss of control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Broca's area in the brain?

<p>Production of speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It manages involuntary bodily functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of blindsight?

<p>Unconscious visual processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dopamine in the Brain's Reward Center?

<p>Controlling pleasure and motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines brain plasticity?

<p>The brain's capacity to adapt and form new connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is most commonly used to study brain activity during specific tasks?

<p>fMRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Broca's aphasia primarily affect?

<p>Speech production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caffeine is known to primarily serve which function?

<p>Enhancing alertness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain stem plays an integral role in regulating heart rate and blood pressure?

<p>Medulla oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can blind spots in our cognition be addressed?

<p>Through introspection and feedback from others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself?

<p>Neuroplasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does the Brain's Reward Center contribute to in behavioral psychology?

<p>Compulsive behaviors and addiction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain scans provides information about brain activity during tasks?

<p>EEG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

<p>To enable communication between the brain's hemispheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the brain is predominantly responsible for language processing in most individuals?

<p>Left hemisphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of withdrawal from heroin?

<p>Muscle and bone pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of the hippocampus?

<p>Memory formation and organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones travel from their production site to target organs?

<p>Within the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs during the hypnagogic state?

<p>Vivid imagery and sensory perceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus?

<p>Vision processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the brain filling in missing parts of visual input?

<p>Incomplete retinal images (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

<p>To block signal transmission between neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of caffeine withdrawal?

<p>Nausea (B), Headaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to chronic insomnia?

<p>Underlying medical conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination of movement and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of interneurons in the nervous system?

<p>They transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain?

<p>Controlling circadian rhythms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the just noticeable difference defined?

<p>The smallest detectable difference in stimulus intensity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition arises from damage to the cerebellum?

<p>Ataxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?

<p>Regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes color blindness?

<p>An inability to perceive all colors (A), A genetic condition affecting retinal cones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of deafness is characterized by impaired sound transmission to the cochlea?

<p>Conductive deafness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the corpus callosum connect?

<p>Left and right hemispheres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine primarily affects the levels of which neurotransmitters in the brain?

<p>Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Cingulate lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depolarization is best defined as which of the following?

<p>A shift towards a neutral attitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cones play in vision?

<p>Color vision and visual acuity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronically disrupted circadian rhythms can result in which condition?

<p>Jet lag (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes consciousness?

<p>A subjective experience of thoughts and perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cerebellum contribute to cognitive processes?

<p>By assisting in attention and language processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitter-like actions play in the body?

<p>They influence neuronal communication and impact mood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the myelin sheath serve in neuronal communication?

<p>It insulates and speeds up signal conduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are specifically involved in sensing pain?

<p>Nociceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of monochromatism?

<p>Only perceiving shades of grey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do genome-wide association studies analyze?

<p>Genetic variations across a population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the sleep/wake cycle?

<p>Circadian rhythms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of norepinephrine in the body?

<p>Enhancing mood and attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the motor cortex?

<p>Planning and executing voluntary movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neural cells are responsible for muscle contractions?

<p>Motor neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is likely to prefer sweet or high-fat foods over bitter or sour ones?

<p>Nontasters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for which function?

<p>Balance and coordination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which NREM stage does the body experience its deepest restorative sleep?

<p>Stage 4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about multiple sclerosis is correct?

<p>Its exact cause is unknown and believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anosmia?

<p>Loss of the sense of smell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing light onto the retina?

<p>Lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with myasthenia gravis?

<p>Drooping eyelids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photoreceptors?

<p>Converting light into electrical signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances belongs to the class of opioids?

<p>Morphine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers cataplexy in individuals with narcolepsy?

<p>Strong emotions or laughter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines accommodation in cognitive development?

<p>Adjusting existing beliefs to incorporate new experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the opponent-process color theory primarily explain?

<p>Color vision through opposing responses of color pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection is driven primarily by which factor?

<p>Differential reproductive success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does acetylcholine play in the nervous system?

<p>It is a neurotransmitter involved in memory and muscle contraction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxytocin mainly associated with?

<p>Stress regulation and social bonding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of nearsightedness?

<p>Eyeball being too long or cornea too steep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber's law pertain to in sensory perception?

<p>The constant proportion of a difference threshold to the original stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It is activated during stressful situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in neural transmission?

<p>They act as chemical messengers between neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Transmitting information between the CNS and the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nociceptors transmit pain signals?

<p>Through specialized neural pathways to the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Phantom Limb Syndrome refer to?

<p>The sensation that a missing limb is still present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory system is responsible for bodily movement and coordination?

<p>Kinesthetic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a neuron?

<p>Myelin sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the degeneration of motor neurons?

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does leptin play in the body?

<p>It suppresses hunger and promotes satiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to imbalances in chemical messengers and their effects?

<p>Genetic mutations and environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pheromones primarily influence behavior?

<p>By triggering social interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart rate and breathing under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Both decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes nontasters from tasters regarding taste perception?

<p>Nontasters cannot detect certain tastes, like bitterness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the limbic system?

<p>Processing emotions and motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adaptation do rods and cones in the retina assist with?

<p>Light/dark adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of damage to the motor cortex?

<p>Difficulties in movement coordination and control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of prolonged opioid use?

<p>Dependence and addiction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used to manage symptoms of narcolepsy?

<p>Medications and lifestyle changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for vital involuntary functions such as heartbeat and breathing?

<p>Medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes NREM sleep?

<p>Involves slow brain waves and reduced muscle activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective in psychology focuses on observable behaviors?

<p>Behavioral lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the olfactory bulb?

<p>Processing information about smells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about medium tasters is true?

<p>Their sensitivity can influence food preferences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sleep deprivation have on leptin levels?

<p>It disrupts leptin levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lesioning primarily used for in psychological studies?

<p>To study effects on behavior and cognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about marijuana is incorrect?

<p>It enhances long-term memory in all users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pupil during dark adaptation?

<p>It enlarges to allow more light in (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing?

<p>Temporal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of depressants on the nervous system?

<p>They decrease nervous system functioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily characterized by the inability to distinguish colors?

<p>Dichromatism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can disruptions to circadian rhythm lead to?

<p>Insomnia and fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dopamine in the brain?

<p>Regulates reward-motivated behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep do most dreams occur?

<p>REM sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are endorphins primarily known for in the body?

<p>Acting as natural painkillers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolutionary perspective suggest about human behavior?

<p>It has evolved to increase survival and reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to stimulate neurons and increase brain function?

<p>Glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability to consider future consequences in decision-making?

<p>Farsightedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fovea primarily responsible for in terms of vision?

<p>Sharp central vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect is associated with prolonged use of depressants?

<p>Dependence and addiction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dopamine's influence?

<p>Associated with pleasure and addiction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon involves the processing of emotions during sleep?

<p>Dreaming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common myth about eugenics?

<p>It has historically been embraced for ethical reasons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of GABA in the brain?

<p>To reduce neuronal excitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is explained by the frequency theory?

<p>Rate of nerve impulses matching the tone's frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ganglion cells primarily responsible for?

<p>Processing visual signals and conveying them to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gate control theory of pain suggest?

<p>Pain can be amplified by emotional factors and attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

<p>Controlling growth and metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic predisposition?

<p>Inherent susceptibility to certain traits passed down through generations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Place Theory refer to in auditory perception?

<p>Where frequencies produce vibrations along the basilar membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known as the 'hunger hormone'?

<p>Ghrelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common impact of prosopagnosia on individuals?

<p>Reliance on non-facial cues for identification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glial cells in the nervous system?

<p>Support and protect neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glutamate play in the brain?

<p>It is involved in learning and memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category does NOT classify psychoactive drugs?

<p>Neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gustation contribute to our perception of the environment?

<p>By interpreting and interpreting tastes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are reflex arcs significant?

<p>They provide rapid responses to stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can damage to ganglion cells lead to?

<p>Vision problems or glaucoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the refractory period after orgasm?

<p>Decreased sexual arousal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during REM rebound?

<p>Increased intensity of REM sleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common among hallucinogens?

<p>They can induce hallucinations and altered perceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which sleep stage do dreaming predominantly occur?

<p>REM sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the brain is typically associated with analytical thinking?

<p>Left hemisphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the activity of GABA to reduce anxiety?

<p>Benzodiazepines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines REM sleep behavior disorder?

<p>Acting out dreams physically during sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ghrelin levels after eating a meal?

<p>They decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does resting potential refer to in neurons?

<p>Electrical charge at rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reticular Activating System is primarily involved in which function?

<p>Filtering sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs is considered a depressant?

<p>Alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in the retina?

<p>Detecting low levels of light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reuptake in the brain?

<p>Reabsorbs neurotransmitters to regulate levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the fovea's function?

<p>Responsible for sharp central vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of damage to the semicircular canals?

<p>Dizziness and balance issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory adaptation benefit individuals?

<p>Protects against sensory overload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes sensorineural deafness?

<p>Commonly results from aging or noise exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory interaction?

<p>When different senses merge to influence perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding serotonin?

<p>Low levels are associated with depression and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sensory neurons play in the nervous system?

<p>Converting physical stimuli into electrical signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the process of maintaining wakefulness and focus during tasks?

<p>Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells in the retina is primarily responsible for color vision?

<p>Cones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of neurotransmitter reuptake dysfunction?

<p>Worsening of mental health disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the semicircular canals function in relation to balance?

<p>They sense rotational movements of the head (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature characterizes sensory adaptation?

<p>Reduced response to constant stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Auditory Sensory System

The system that processes sound, starting with the ear and ending with the brain's interpretation.

Outer Ear

The part of the ear that gathers sound waves and funnels them towards the eardrum.

Eardrum

A thin membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound waves.

Chemical Sensory Systems

The systems that allow us to smell and taste using chemical signals.

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Olfactory Receptors

Specialized cells in the nose that detect odor molecules.

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Taste Buds

Sensory organs on the tongue that detect taste molecules.

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Environmental Factors

External influences like family, society, and culture that shape development and behavior.

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Heredity

The transmission of genes from parents to offspring, influencing traits and behaviors.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various functions and behaviors in the body.

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Neurotransmitter-like actions

Chemical messengers that influence communication between neurons, impacting mood, cognition, and physiological processes.

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Neuron

A specialized cell that transmits signals in the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

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Dendrites

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

A long, slender extension of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons or muscles.

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Synaptic Vesicles

Small sacs within neurons that store neurotransmitters for release into the synapse.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty covering that insulates and speeds up the transmission of signals along axons.

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Pain Sensory System

A network of specialized nerve cells that detect painful stimuli and transmit signals to the brain for processing.

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Nociceptors

Specialized receptors in the skin and internal organs that detect painful stimuli.

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Twin Studies

Research studies comparing identical and fraternal twins to determine the relative contributions of genes and environment on traits and behaviors.

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Gene Editing

A technology that allows scientists to modify specific genes to observe changes in traits or behaviors.

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Sleep/Wake Cycle

A pattern of alternating periods of sleep and wakefulness controlled by the body's internal clock.

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Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for balance, coordination, and motor control.

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Amygdala

Region of the brain involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and sending signals.

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Activation Synthesis Theory

Suggests that dreams are the brain's way of interpreting random neuronal activity, resulting in stories that may or may not have meaning.

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Addiction

A complex condition characterized by compulsive engagement with rewarding stimuli, despite negative consequences.

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Adrenaline

A hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger, triggering the 'fight-or-flight' response.

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Afterimage

A visual illusion where an image persists after the original stimulus is removed.

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Agonist Drugs

Substances that mimic neurotransmitters, activating receptors to produce a physiological response.

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Alcohol

A psychoactive substance that depresses the central nervous system, causing relaxation, lowered inhibitions, and impaired judgment.

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All-or-Nothing Principle

A neuron either fires completely or not at all, there's no partial firing.

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Amplitude

The intensity or strength of a sensory or emotional experience.

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Antagonist Drugs

Substances that block the actions of neurotransmitters, preventing them from activating receptors.

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Aphasia

A communication disorder affecting the ability to speak, understand, read, or write due to brain damage.

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Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Drugs that increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, sometimes used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

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What are some common symptoms of addiction?

Common symptoms of addiction include cravings, loss of control, and continued use despite adverse effects on relationships and health.

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What is the role of adrenaline in the body?

Adrenaline is released in response to stress or danger, triggering the 'fight-or-flight' response, increasing heart rate, blood flow, and alertness.

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What are the possible effects of antagonist drugs?

Antagonist drugs block the action of neurotransmitters, which can be helpful in treating conditions like anxiety, hypertension, or drug overdoses.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for stressful situations.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest and relaxation, helping to regulate normal bodily functions.

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Biopsychology

The study of how biological factors, like brain chemistry and hormones, influence our behavior and mental processes.

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Blindsight

The ability of cortically blind individuals to unconsciously sense objects and movements in their blind field.

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Blind spot (Psychology)

An area of our mind that contains information or biases we're unaware of, leading to cognitive errors.

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Brain's Reward Center

A group of brain structures that are activated by rewarding experiences, involved in motivation and reinforcement.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with the brain's reward center, regulating feelings of pleasure and motivation.

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Brain Plasticity

The ability of the brain to change and adapt throughout life, creating new pathways and modifying existing connections.

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Brain Research Methods

Techniques used to study the brain's structure, function, and activity, like fMRI, EEG, and PET scans.

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Brain Scans

Imaging techniques that visualize and analyze brain structure and function, like MRI, fMRI, and PET scans.

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Brain Stem

The part of the brain connecting the cerebrum and the spinal cord, controlling basic functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Broca's Area

A region in the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for speech production.

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Caffeine

A stimulant found in coffee, tea, and energy drinks, known to increase alertness and energy levels.

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Depolarization (in Communication)

A shift in communication where understanding and empathy increase, reducing hostility and facilitating effective dialogue.

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Depressants

Drugs that slow down brain activity and decrease nervous system function, leading to relaxation, sedation, and reduced anxiety.

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Dichromatism

A condition where an individual has difficulty distinguishing between specific colors, particularly red and green, often referred to as color blindness.

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Circadian Rhythm Disruptions

Disturbances in the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, impacting overall functioning due to factors like shift work or jet lag.

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Endorphins

Neurotransmitters produced by the body, often referred to as 'feel-good' chemicals, that reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria.

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Eugenics

A discredited set of beliefs and practices aiming to improve human genetic quality through selective breeding, often associated with discriminatory practices.

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Evolutionary Perspective

Understanding human behavior and cognitive processes as adaptations that evolved over time to increase survival and reproductive success.

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Excitatory Neurotransmitter

Chemicals that stimulate neurons to fire signals, increasing neuronal activity and brain function, involved in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes.

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Farsightedness

The ability to consider future consequences and plan ahead, prioritizing long-term benefits over short-term gains.

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Fovea

A tiny pit in the retina that provides the sharpest central vision, responsible for visual detail and color perception.

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Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and cognitive function.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, learning, memory, and other cognitive processes, important for a wide range of brain functions.

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Frequency Theory

This theory explains how we hear lower-pitched sounds by suggesting that the rate of nerve impulses traveling to the brain matches the sound's frequency.

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Volley Principle

This principle explains how we hear higher-pitched sounds, as the firing rate of nerve impulses can't keep up with the high frequency. Groups of neurons take turns firing, creating a volley effect to represent the sound.

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GABA

This neurotransmitter acts like a brake to reduce neuronal activity, leading to calmness and relaxation.

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What is the role of ganglion cells in vision?

Ganglion cells are specialized neurons in the retina that receive visual information from bipolar cells and send it to the brain for processing.

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Gate Control Theory for Pain

This theory suggests pain perception is controlled by a 'gate' in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by various factors.

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What is genetic predisposition?

This refers to the inherited potential to develop certain traits or conditions based on genes passed down from parents.

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Ghrelin

Known as the 'hunger hormone', this hormone stimulates appetite and is produced primarily in the stomach.

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Glial Cells

These supporting cells in the nervous system provide essential services for neurons, including insulation and protection.

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Gustation

This refers to the sense of taste, involving specialized cells on the tongue that detect different flavors.

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Hallucinogens

These drugs alter perception and create hallucinations, distorting reality and sensory experiences.

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Hearing Difficulties

These refer to challenges in perceiving and processing sounds, impacting communication and daily life.

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Hemispheres

The two halves of the brain, each specialized for different functions.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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Weber's Law

States that the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

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What is the Kinesthetic System?

The sensory system responsible for body movement, coordination, and physical sensations like balance.

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Proprioception

The sense of where our limbs are in space and their movement.

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Lens (Psychology)

A theoretical perspective used to interpret and understand human behavior.

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Leptin

A hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

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Lesioning

Destroying a specific part of the brain to study its effects on behavior.

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Light/Dark Adaptation

The process of the eyes adjusting to different levels of light.

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Limbic System

Brain structures responsible for emotions, motivation, learning, and memory.

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What is Marijuana?

Psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis plant, with both recreational and medicinal uses.

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Medium Tasters

Individuals with moderate sensitivity to taste stimuli.

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Medulla

Brainstem region controlling vital involuntary functions.

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Melatonin

Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles.

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What is the pineal gland?

A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin.

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Corpus Callosum

The thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, enabling communication between them.

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Left Hemisphere Dominance

The left hemisphere is typically specialized for language processing, including speech, writing, and understanding.

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Right Hemisphere Function

The right hemisphere is primarily responsible for processing non-verbal information, such as spatial awareness, facial recognition, and emotional expression.

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Heroin Addiction

A chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite negative consequences.

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Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms

Unpleasant physical and psychological effects that occur when a person stops using heroin, including aches, sweating, and cravings.

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Hippocampus Function

A brain structure crucial for forming new memories and organizing existing ones.

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Short-term to Long-term Memory Transfer

The process by which the hippocampus helps convert temporary memories into lasting ones.

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Hormone Function

Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions and behaviors.

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Hypothalamus Role

A brain region that controls vital functions like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep.

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Hypnagogic Sensations

Hallucinatory experiences that occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep, involving vivid imagery or sensations.

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Incomplete Retinal Images

When the brain fills in missing visual information to create a complete picture, sometimes leading to optical illusions.

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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that block the transmission of signals between neurons, reducing the likelihood of an action potential firing.

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Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to daytime impairment.

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Interneurons Role

Neurons that relay signals between sensory and motor neurons, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

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Pituitary Gland

A small gland at the base of the brain that controls other endocrine glands, regulating factors like growth, reproduction, and stress.

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Place Theory

This theory explains how we perceive sound based on where different frequencies vibrate on the basilar membrane in the inner ear.

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Prosopagnosia

A condition where people are unable to recognize familiar faces, often referred to as 'face blindness'.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that affect brain function, altering perception, mood, cognition, and behavior.

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Reflex Arc

A fast, involuntary response to a stimulus, involving a simple neural pathway from sensory neuron to motor neuron.

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Refractory Period

A period of time after orgasm where an individual experiences decreased sexual arousal and can't achieve another orgasm.

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Monochromatism

A condition where someone sees only shades of gray, lacking color vision. It's also known as total color blindness.

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REM Rebound

The increased amount and intensity of REM sleep after a period of deprivation.

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Motor Cortex

The brain region responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements. It's located in the frontal lobe.

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep where our brain is very active, resembling wakefulness, and dreaming primarily occurs.

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Motor Neurons

Nerve cells sending signals from the brain/spinal cord to muscles, enabling voluntary movement. They're part of the peripheral nervous system.

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A condition where individuals physically act out dreams during REM sleep, potentially causing injuries.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

An autoimmune disease impacting the central nervous system, hindering communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

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Resting Potential

The electrical charge difference across a neuron's cell membrane when at rest, ready to send a signal.

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What is the role of the Reticular Activating System?

A network of neurons in the brainstem that regulates wakefulness, attention, and arousal.

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Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness and fatigue due to communication problems between nerves and muscles.

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Narcolepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, often with loss of muscle control.

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Natural Selection

The process where traits become more or less common in a population due to differential reproductive success.

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Nearsightedness (Myopia)

A vision condition where distant objects appear blurred due to the eyeball being too long or the cornea being too steep.

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Neural Transmission

The process where signals travel between neurons through neurotransmitters.

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Nontasters

Individuals who cannot detect certain tastes, like bitterness, due to genetic variations.

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What is the role of the motor cortex?

The motor cortex is responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements. It's like the brain's 'command center' for movement.

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What are the main symptoms of narcolepsy?

The main symptoms of narcolepsy are excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, often accompanied by cataplexy, or a sudden loss of muscle control.

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How does natural selection work?

Natural selection works by favoring individuals with traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction. Those traits become more common over time.

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Photoreceptors

Specialized cells in the retina that detect light and convert it into electrical signals.

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Reuptake

Process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the releasing neuron, reducing their amount in the synapse.

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SSRIs

Medications that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its levels in the synapse.

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Rods (Vision)

Retina cells highly sensitive to dim light, primarily responsible for black and white vision.

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Semicircular Canals

Fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that detect head rotations, responsible for balance and eye coordination.

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Sensation

Process of detecting and receiving information from the environment through our senses.

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Sensorineural Deafness

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

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Sensory Adaptation

Process where our senses become less sensitive to constant stimuli, allowing us to ignore irrelevant input.

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Sensory Interaction

Different senses influencing each other, shaping our perception of the world.

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Sensory Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit information from sensory organs to the CNS, detecting external stimuli.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and stress hormone that regulates mood, attention, and the fight-or-flight response.

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NREM Sleep Stages

Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep cycles characterized by slow brain waves, low muscle activity, and deep rest.

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Olfactory System

The system responsible for our sense of smell, detecting and interpreting scents.

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Opioids

A class of drugs that relieve pain but can be addictive.

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Opponent-Process Color Theory

A theory explaining color vision as controlled by opposing responses of color pairs (e.g., red-green, blue-yellow).

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Oxytocin

A hormone associated with social bonding, trust, empathy, and stress reduction.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connects the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the rest of the body.

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Phantom Limb Syndrome

The sensation of a missing limb being present, often with pain or discomfort.

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What are the four stages of NREM sleep?

Stage 1 (lightest sleep), Stage 2, Stage 3, and Stage 4 (deepest sleep).

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What are the three color pairs in the Opponent-Process Color Theory?

Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

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How does the parasympathetic nervous system work?

It promotes relaxation, digestion, and slows down heart rate and breathing.

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What is the role of the olfactory bulb in the brain?

It processes information about smells and distinguishes different scents.

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CNS

The brain and spinal cord, controlling sensory and motor functions, emotions, and cognition.

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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the brain involved in higher cognitive functions and processing sensory information.

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Circadian Rhythm

The body's natural 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep-wake patterns and other biological processes.

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Color Vision

The ability to perceive and differentiate between different colors.

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Conduction Deafness

Hearing impairment caused by problems in the middle ear's ability to transmit sound waves.

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Consciousness

Our awareness of thoughts, perceptions, experiences, and surroundings.

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Depolarization (Mindset)

A shift in mindset towards a more neutral or balanced perspective, moving away from extreme viewpoints.

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Cocaine Withdrawal

Symptoms experienced when stopping cocaine use, including headaches, fatigue, and irritability.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, influencing various brain functions.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons, where neurotransmitters are released to communicate.

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Study Notes

Auditory Sensory System

  • Responsible for hearing, detecting and processing sound waves.
  • Uses ears (outer, middle, and inner) to receive sound waves.
  • Sound waves vibrate the eardrum, transmitting signals to the brain.
  • Brain decodes signals into sounds (pitch, tone, volume, direction).
  • Hearing loss, tinnitus, and processing difficulties can result from damage.

Chemical Sensory Systems

  • Detect and process chemical stimuli (smell and taste).
  • Olfactory receptors detect smells.
  • Taste buds detect tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami).
  • Smell is linked to memory and emotion.
  • Taste perception is influenced by genetics, age, and experience.
  • Key role in food preferences, safety, and social interaction.

Environmental Factors (Nurture)

  • External influences shaping development and behavior.
  • Includes family, societal norms, and culture.
  • Examples: parental upbringing, peer relationships, education, media.
  • Impacts personality, cognitive skills, emotional development, and mental health.
  • Researchers study interaction with genetics to understand human development and behavior.

Heredity (Nature)

  • Genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.
  • Genes influence physical and psychological traits.
  • Explains similarities among family members (intelligence, traits, health conditions).
  • Often studied using twin studies (identical vs. fraternal, raised together/apart).
  • Other methods: family and adoption studies.

Hormones and Neurotransmitter-like Actions

  • Chemical messengers regulating functions and behaviors.
  • Released by endocrine glands.
  • Impact neuronal communication (mood, cognition, physiological processes).
  • Affect emotions, stress responses, and body functioning.
  • Imbalances can contribute to mental health or physiological issues.

Neuron Structure and Function

  • Building blocks of the nervous system.
  • Cell body, dendrites (receive signals), axon (transmit signals).
  • Communication via electrochemical signals.
  • Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters.
  • Myelin sheath insulates and speeds signal conduction.
  • Communicate with thousands of other neurons.

Pain Sensory System

  • Network of nerve cells transmitting potential tissue damage signals to the brain.
  • Skin and internal organ receptors detect painful stimuli.
  • Nociceptors are specialized pain receptors.
  • Pain signals travel through the spinal cord to the brain.
  • Brain processes and interprets pain signals, impacting our perception of pain.

Research Methods on the Effects of Genes

  • Studying genetic influences on traits and behaviors.
  • Techniques: twin studies, gene editing.
  • Twin studies compare identical and fraternal twins.
  • Gene editing modifies specific genes.
  • Genome-wide association studies analyze populations for genetic links.
  • Animal studies help investigate behaviors in controlled environments.

Sleep/Wake Cycle

  • Alternating periods of sleep and wakefulness controlled by the body's internal clock.
  • Circadian rhythms regulate sleep-wake cycle.
  • Essential for overall health and well-being.
  • Disruption can lead to sleep disorders.
  • Factors: light exposure, lifestyle habits.

Structures and Functions of the Brain

  • Different regions with specific functions.
  • Cerebrum (higher functions), brainstem (basic survival).
  • Cerebral cortex (decision-making, planning).
  • Hippocampus (forming new memories).
  • Cerebellum (balance, coordination).
  • Amygdala (processing emotions).

Subsystems of the Human Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
  • CNS includes brain and spinal cord, processing information and sending signals.
  • PNS branches into somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary functions).
  • Autonomic further divides into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).
  • Neurons transmit information (electrical and chemical signals).

Touch Sensory System

  • Sensation of pressure, temperature, and pain from skin receptors.
  • Different receptors detect various stimuli.
  • Transmits sensory information to the brain.
  • Plays role in interactions with the environment.
  • Associated disorders can cause significant impairments.

Visual Sensory System

  • Processes visual information received by eyes, transmitted to brain for interpretation.
  • Includes eyes, optic nerves, and parts of brain responsible for vision.
  • Information enters through cornea, focuses on retina.
  • Retina has photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).
  • Light converted into electrical signals, sent to the brain via optic nerves.

Key Terms

  • (Accommodation):* Modifying existing cognitive structures to incorporate new information. Complementary to assimilation.
  • (Acetylcholine):* Neurotransmitter crucial for memory, attention, learning, and muscle contraction. Associated with Alzheimer's disease.
  • (Activation Synthesis Dream Theory):* Dreams are the brain interpreting random neural activity, creating stories.
  • (Addiction):* Compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite negative consequences.
  • (Adrenaline):* Hormone released during stress or danger, triggering the fight-or-flight response.
  • (Afterimages):* Visual illusions of retained images after a stimulus is removed.
  • (Agonist drugs):* Mimic neurotransmitters, activating receptors for a response.
  • (Alcohol):* Depressant affecting the central nervous system leading to relaxation, lowered inhibitions, and impaired judgment.
  • (All-or-nothing principle):* Neurons either fire fully or not at all, no variation in intensity.
  • (Amplitude):* Strength or intensity of a sensory or emotional experience.
  • (Amygdala):* Brain region processing and regulating emotions, involved in the fight or flight response.
  • (Antagonist drugs):* Block neurotransmitters' action by binding to receptors without activating them.
  • (Aphasia):* Language disorder due to brain damage impairing speech, understanding, reading, or writing.
  • (Autonomic Nervous System):* Controls involuntary functions (heartbeat, digestion, breathing). Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
  • (Biopsychology):* Study of biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes.
  • (Note):* Many more key terms are listed in the input but are too numerous to summarize. Continuing with the rest could take quite a few responses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the auditory sensory system and its functions. This quiz covers various aspects such as auditory organs, the role of environmental factors in development, and the impact of heredity on behavior. Challenge yourself with questions about sensory perception and disorders related to these systems.

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