119 Questions
The medical model views disability as a consequence of a physical 'problem' with the individual caused by an abnormality, illness, or accident.
True
According to the social model, disability is created by socially constructed barriers within the environment.
True
The medical model advocates for identifying and 'correcting’ the cause of disability medically to improve an individual's function.
True
The social model suggests that individuals do not need 'curing' if the environment accommodates those whose needs differ from the majority.
True
Most policy relating to 'disabled’ people tacitly supports the medical model.
True
The social model requires a policy and cultural response rather than medical correction of the individual.
True
Aural rehabilitation is aimed at restoring or optimizing a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of _______________.
False
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
False
What factors are considered contextual factors in the ICF model?
False
What does the biosychosocial model, the basis of ICF, view disability as an interaction between?
False
What are some examples of environmental factors in the ICF model?
False
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
False
Direct Referral is the main route for patients who complain of hearing problems to see an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeon.
False
The main components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults include assessment, hearing aid fitting, and follow-up.
True
Audiological rehabilitation involves evaluation of physical status, mental health, and social factors.
True
The selection of hardware in remediation may include amplification, assistive listening devices, and visual aids.
False
Follow-up sessions in auditory rehabilitation may involve evaluating the progress with hearing aids, assessing the need for social services referral, and referral for ENT surgery.
False
The direct referral to audiology is only for patients who have sinister causes of hearing problems ruled out.
False
The comprehensive audiological assessment includes evaluation of visual health such as cataracts and glaucoma.
True
Assessment/reassessment in the first session of basic adult auditory rehabilitation includes discussing results and candidacy, but not taking impressions for fitting.
False
Evaluation/Remediation in audiological rehabilitation involves addressing attitude, acceptance of hearing loss consequences, and expectations.
True
The evaluation in audiological rehabilitation does not involve assessing memory problems and intellectual ability.
False
The 1980 classification system focuses on the cause of ill-health and describing 'what is wrong' with the individual.
True
The 1980 classification system primarily classifies minority groups with an identifiable aetiology.
True
The 1980 classification system is based on a biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability.
False
The 2001 classification system focuses on the cause of ill-health and describing 'what is wrong' with the individual.
False
The 2001 classification system places all health conditions on an equal footing, regardless of their aetiology.
True
The 2001 classification system is based on a biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability.
True
Impairment refers to any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
True
Disability results from impairment and refers to any restriction in the ability to perform an activity in a manner considered within the normal range.
True
Handicap results from a disability and refers to any limitation of a role that is normal for an individual.
True
The 1980 classification system emphasized the cause of ill-health as the primary focus.
True
The 2001 classification system emphasizes the impact rather than the cause of ill-health as the primary focus.
True
The 2001 classification system is based on a biopsychosocial model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in determining human functioning.
True
What does the medical model view as the cause of disability?
A physical 'problem' with the individual caused by an abnormality, illness, or accident
According to the social model, what creates disability?
Socially created barriers within the environment
What does the social model suggest about the need for 'curing' individuals with disabilities?
Individuals do not need 'curing' if the environment accommodates those whose needs differ from the majority
What is the main focus of the medical model in improving disability?
Identifying and 'correcting' the cause of disability medically to improve individual's function
What does the social model require in response to disability?
Policy and cultural response rather than medical correction of the individual
What does the World Health Organisation publish for classifying aspects of ill-health?
Systems
What is the 1980 classification system emphasis?
Cause of ill-health; describing 'what is wrong' with the individual
What does the 2001 classification system focus on?
Impact rather than cause of ill-health
Define Impairment.
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function
Define Disability.
Results from impairment; any restriction in ability to perform an activity in a manner considered within the normal range
Define Handicap.
Resulting from a disability; any limitation of a role that is normal for
What is the main focus of the 1980 classification system?
Cause of ill-health
What is the main focus of the 2001 classification system?
Impact rather than cause of ill-health
What is the basis of the new classification system of disability?
Biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability
What factors influence how a health condition may affect human functioning in the biopsychosocial model?
Biological, psychological, and social factors
What does the new classification system emphasize?
Impact rather than cause of ill-health
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
Functioning and disability
What does the biosychosocial model view disability as an interaction between?
Biological, psychological, and social factors
What are the components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults?
Assessment, hearing aid fitting, and follow-up
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
To restore or optimize a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss
What is the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
The biosychosocial model
What are the three levels at which functioning is classified in the ICF?
Level of body or body part, level of whole person, level of whole person within society
What factors are considered contextual factors in the ICF model?
Environmental and personal factors
What does the biopsychosocial model, the basis of ICF, view disability as an interaction between?
Biological, psychological, and social factors
What are contextual factors in the ICF model?
Personal factors and environmental factors
What are some examples of environmental factors in the ICF model?
Support and relationships, attitudes, and services, systems, and policies
What does the social model of disability suggest?
Disability is created by socially constructed barriers within the environment.
What is aural rehabilitation aimed at?
Restoring or optimizing a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss.
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
Functioning and disability
According to the social model, how is disability created?
By socially constructed barriers within the environment
What are the main components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults?
Assessment, hearing aid fitting, and follow-up.
What does the 2001 classification system emphasize?
The impact rather than the cause of ill-health as the primary focus.
What is the 2001 classification system based on?
Biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability
What are some examples of body structures in the ICF model?
The eye, ear, and related structures; structures of external, middle, inner ear.
What is the main route for patients complaining of hearing problems to see an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeon?
Direct Referral
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
Alleviating the difficulties related to hearing.
What are the key components of Direct Referral in basic adult auditory rehabilitation?
Assessment/Reassessment, Hearing aid fitting, Follow-up
What are the components of the evaluation/remediation phase in audiological rehabilitation?
Addressing attitude, acceptance of hearing loss consequences, and expectations
What factors might affect the range and extent of psychosocial effects of acquired hearing loss?
Age at onset and severity of loss and residual hearing.
What is the selection of hardware in remediation may include?
Amplification, assistive listening devices, and visual aids
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
Participation restriction (life situations that the individual has difficulty participating in).
What does the medical model of disability advocate for?
Identifying and 'correcting’ the cause of disability medically to improve an individual's function.
What is the main focus of the medical model in improving disability?
Identifying and 'correcting’ the cause of disability medically to improve an individual's function.
According to the social model, what creates disability?
Socially created barriers within the environment create disability.
What does the World Health Organisation publish for classifying aspects of ill-health?
Systems for classifying aspects of ill-health.
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
To address and improve the hearing loss consequences and expectations.
What does the 2001 classification system focus on?
It focuses on a biopsychosocial model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in determining human functioning.
Define Impairment.
Impairment refers to any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
Restoring or optimizing a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss
What factors are considered contextual factors in the ICF model?
Age, gender, social background, education, profession, personality, coping styles, past experiences, attitudes of society, family situation, legal and social structures, manmade environment, natural environment, availability of technologies and other resources
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
Participation restriction (life situations that the individual has difficulty participating in)
What does the biosychosocial model, the basis of ICF, view disability as an interaction between?
The individual and the context in which they live (physical and social)
What are some examples of body structures in the ICF model?
The eye, ear and related structures, structures of external, middle, inner ear
What does the social model of disability suggest?
Disability is created by socially constructed barriers within the environment
What does the medical model view as the cause of disability?
The individual's impairment or health condition
What does the 2001 classification system focus on?
The impact rather than the cause of ill-health as the primary focus
What does the social model require in response to disability?
A policy and cultural response rather than medical correction of the individual
What is the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
The biosychosocial model
What are the main components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults?
Evaluation, existing questions, assessment, hearing aid fitting, follow-up
What are some components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults?
Assessment, hearing aid fitting, and follow-up
What does the World Health Organisation publish for classifying aspects of ill-health?
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
Restoring or optimizing a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss.
What are the key components of Direct Referral in basic adult auditory rehabilitation?
Assessment/Reassessment, Hearing aid fitting, Follow-up
What does the ICF classify disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of?
Whole person within society in terms of activity and participation
What are some examples of body structures in the ICF model?
Pinna/meatus
What are the components of the evaluation/remediation phase in audiological rehabilitation?
Selection of hardware, Amplification, Assistive Listening Devices, Education, Counseling, Communication strategies/skills, Follow up
What does the 2001 classification system emphasize?
The cause of ill-health and describing 'what is wrong' with the individual
According to the social model, what creates disability?
Socially constructed barriers within the environment
What factors are considered contextual factors in the ICF model?
Environmental factors
What is the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
Biopsychosocial model
What does the social model suggest about the need for 'curing' individuals with disabilities?
Individuals do not need 'curing' if the environment accommodates those whose needs differ from the majority
What does the medical model view as the cause of disability?
Biological or physiological impairment
What is the emphasis of the 1980 classification system?
Cause of ill-health; describing 'what is wrong' with the individual
What does the 2001 classification system emphasize?
Focus on impact rather than cause of ill-health
What are the definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap?
Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function; Disability: Results from impairment, any restriction in ability to perform an activity in a manner considered within the normal range; Handicap: Resulting from a disability, any limitation of a role that is normal for
What factors does the biopsychosocial model consider in determining human functioning?
Biological, psychological, and social factors
How can we measure impairment, disability, and handicap in audiology?
Impairment: Pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emissions; Disability: Performance measures, self-report measures like speech perception testing or other questionnaires (with or without noise) and localization testing; Handicap: Self-report measures like Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP)
What are examples of ways to minimize impairment, disability, and handicap in audiology?
Impairment: Prevention, hearing protection, genetic counseling; Disability: 'Cure' underlying problem with surgery or medication, reduce disability with hearing aids, assistive listening devices; Handicap: Teach communication skills, coping strategies, adapt lifestyle, counseling
What is the new model of disability based on?
Biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability
What does the 1980 classification system focus on in the context of minority groups?
Classifying minority groups with an identifiable aetiology
What does the 2001 classification system place emphasis on, regardless of aetiology?
Impact of ill-health
What are the underlying principles of the 2001 classification system?
Universality, parity, importance of the environment
Does the 1980 classification system capture the effect of ill-health?
No
Does the 2001 classification system account for the interaction between factors and the impact of environmental and social factors?
Yes
What is the main focus of the biopsychosocial model of disability?
Interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors
Test your knowledge on the Goldstein and Stephens model and Audiological Rehabilitation: Management Model I. Evaluate your understanding of audiological assessments, ENT exams, visual health, language skills, communication methods, and physical status related to audiological rehabilitation.
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