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Questions and Answers
What is the classification of glutamate, aspartate, and D-serine?
Which of the following is NOT a gasotransmitter?
What is the term used to describe the nerves that release ATP or related molecules?
What is the name of the peptide that is released by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves?
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Which of the following is a type of monoamine?
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What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is synthesized and stored in nerve terminals?
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What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is released during nerve stimulation?
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What is the term used to describe the breakdown of ATP by ectoenzymes?
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What is the role of ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic nerves?
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What is the primary function of postjunctional P2-purinoceptors?
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What is the effect of low concentrations of methylxanthines on P1-purinoceptors?
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Which of the following is a selective agonist of P2-purinoceptors?
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What is the effect of suramin on P2-purinoceptors?
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How many subclasses of P1-purinoceptors are recognized so far?
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What is the role of ATP in the urinary bladder?
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What is the effect of occupation of P1-purinoceptors on an adenylate cyclase system?
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What is the function of P2X purinoceptors in vascular and visceral smooth muscles?
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Which type of receptors are selective to ADP on platelets?
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What is the response of P2Y purinoceptors on endothelial cells?
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What is the function of P2Y purinoceptors in vascular and visceral smooth muscles?
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What is the role of ATP in sympathetic nerves?
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What is the effect of suramin and PPADS on sympathetic nerve stimulation responses?
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What is the role of ATP in parasympathetic neurons in the bladder?
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How many subclasses of P2Y purinoceptors have been identified in mammals?
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What is the primary function of CB1 receptors in the human body?
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Which part of the brain does not have CB1 receptors?
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What is the name of the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis?
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What is the total number of cannabinoids isolated from cannabis?
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Where are CB1 receptors also found in the human body, besides the brain?
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Which type of cannabinoids are produced naturally in the body by animals?
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What is the name of the receptor that is absent in the medulla oblongata?
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What is the function of adenosine in the CNS?
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What is the effect of Sildenafil citrate on penile erections?
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What is the function of nitric oxide in vessel homeostasis?
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What is the effect of high salt intake on nitric oxide production in patients with essential hypertension?
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Which of the following is an effect of nitric oxide?
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What is the role of nitric oxide in the immune response?
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Which of the following is a condition in which nitric oxide might serve as an inflammometer?
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What is the effect of nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite on the body?
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What is the effect of minoxidil on the body?
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What is the common characteristic of humans with atherosclerosis, diabetes, or hypertension?
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Study Notes
XBHY P2 Purinoceptors
- Divided into 2 main families: P2X purinoceptor family (7 subclasses) and P2Y purinoceptor family (8 subclasses)
- P2X mediates fast responses via ligand-gated ion channels, while P2Y mediates slower responses via G proteins
Functions of P2X and P2Y
- P2X mediates contraction of vascular and visceral smooth muscles
- P2Y mediates relaxation of vascular and visceral smooth muscles, including vasodilation via P2Y receptors on endothelial cells, releasing nitric oxide (NO)
Other Purinoceptors
- P2T-purinoceptors (ADP-selective receptors on platelets)
- P2Z-purinoceptors (open non-selective pores in mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes of the immune system)
- P2U purinoceptors (responsive to UTP and ATP)
- P2D-purinoceptors (subtype responsive to diadenosine polyphosphates)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves
- Sympathetic nerves: NE and ATP act as cotransmitters, released from sympathetic nerves in variable proportions depending on tissue and species
- Parasympathetic nerves: ACh and ATP appear to be cotransmitters in parasympathetic neurons in the bladder
Functions of Purinergic Transmission
- Vasodilation, neurotransmission, production of reactive nitrogen intermediates, and penile erections
- Nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in vasodilation and is affected in certain diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
- Generates reactive nitrogen intermediates
- Inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium
- Impaired NO pathways are seen in certain diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension)
- High salt intake attenuates NO production in patients with essential hypertension
Cannabinoids
- A class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells, altering neurotransmitter release in the brain
- Include endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body), phytocannabinoids (found in cannabis and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids
- Notable cannabinoids: THC (primary psychoactive compound in cannabis), CBD (major constituent of the plant)
Cannabinoid Receptors
- 2 types: CB1 and CB2
- CB1 receptors are primarily found centrally in the brain (basal ganglia, limbic system, hippocampus, cerebellum, and reproductive systems) and are responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions
- CB2 receptors are found in the immune system
Atypical Neurotransmitters
- Include purines, cannabinoids, and nitric oxide
- Unusual properties: gasotransmitters (NO, CO, H2S)
Classification of Neurotransmitters
- Divided into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines
- Examples: glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, etc.
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Description
Explore the unusual properties and recent discoveries of atypical neurotransmitters, including purines, cannabinoids, and nitric oxide. Learn how to classify these neurotransmitters and understand their roles in the nervous system.
