Questions and Answers
During which stage of life is maximum productivity associated in the Filipino context?
Attitudes towards individuals in less favourable roles remain sympathetic.
False
What are the three conditions under which change is likely to occur?
Help and guidance, treatment by significant people, strong motivation from the individual.
The __________ law states that development spreads over the body from head to foot.
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Match the following developmental laws with their descriptions:
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What factor commonly affects an individual's attitude toward developmental changes?
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All individuals, including identical twins, are biologically and genetically identical.
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Habits and patterns established during the early years determine how successful individuals will adjust to life as they grow __________.
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What is the primary focus of a correlational study?
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A longitudinal study allows researchers to study different individuals at the same point in time.
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What is a major disadvantage of longitudinal studies?
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What is the primary focus of the Oral Stage in Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?
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In an experiment, the independent variable is controlled by the __________.
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Match the following research designs with their descriptions:
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According to Freud, immediate satisfaction of a child's needs is always achievable.
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Which of the following is a major benefit of a cross-sectional study?
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What does fixation refer to in Freud's theory?
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In Freud's theory, the ________ stage occurs during early infancy to 18 months of life.
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Findings from laboratory experiments are always generalizable to real-world settings.
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What is the primary focus of Erikson's theory of personality development?
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Erikson's psychosocial theory consists of five stages of development.
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What does a correlational study suggest regarding causal relationships?
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What might lead to fixation at a particular psychosexual stage?
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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What is the term used to describe the necessary balance between opposing emotions at each stage of development according to Erikson?
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The stage of _____ vs. _____ occurs during early infancy.
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Errogenous zones are unrelated to Freud's psychosexual stages.
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What time period does the Oral Stage cover?
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Match the psychosocial stages of development with their corresponding potential problem:
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What happens if a child unsuccessfully resolves a psychosocial conflict?
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The epigenetic principle suggests that personality development is entirely random.
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According to Erikson, what is achieved when a stage is managed well?
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Which observational method involves creating special conditions to elicit specific behaviors?
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Time Sampling is focused on the quality of behavior rather than the quantity exhibited.
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What is the primary advantage of using event sampling in observational studies?
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The __________ Method involves comparing data from two or more societies.
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What is a disadvantage of the Cross Cultural Method?
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Match the following observational techniques with their descriptions:
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Who is known as the Father of Filipino Psychology?
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Indigenous research methods were proposed as unsuitable for understanding Filipino perspectives.
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Study Notes
Attitudes Toward Age Groups
- Maximum productivity is noted in young to early middle adulthood in Filipinos, leading to positive attitudes toward this age group.
- Role changes significantly influence attitudes toward individuals of varying ages; less favorable roles lead to decreased sympathy.
- Personal experiences impact individuals' views on developmental changes, particularly in the context of decreasing authority as middle-aged executives approach retirement.
Significance of Early Development
- Early years are crucial in shaping attitudes, behaviors, and adjustment to later life.
- Change is likely if:
- Individuals receive help and guidance.
- Significant others treat individuals differently.
- There is strong personal motivation for change.
Maturation and Learning
- Personal maturation and learning are critical aspects of development.
- Development follows predictable patterns, such as:
- Cephalocaudal Law: growth from head to foot.
- Proximodistal Law: growth from central body axis to extremities.
Individual Differences
- Biological and genetic individuality among people, including identical twins.
- Deductive reasoning involves applying general principles to specific situations.
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory
- Focuses on pleasure-seeking behaviors linked to different body areas at various developmental stages.
- Conflict between a child's needs for pleasure and parental restrictions is a key focus.
- Concepts include:
- Frustration vs. Overindulgence can lead to fixation at certain psychosexual stages.
- Erogenous zones are pleasure-sensitive areas during development.
Psychosocial Stages by Erik Erikson
- Development involves resolving conflicts between personal needs and societal demands.
- Success at each stage fosters healthy social traits for tackling subsequent challenges.
- Basic principles include:
- Epigenetic Principle: predetermined personality development across eight stages.
- Psychological crises: opposing emotions encountered at each stage.
- Virtue is achieved through successful navigation of developmental challenges.
Trust vs. Mistrust Stage
- Occurs during early infancy (birth to 1 year) with feeding as a pivotal event.
- Successful navigation results in a sense of trust.
Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
- Correlational studies identify relationships between variables but cannot establish cause and effect.
- Experiments determine causal relationships through controlled observations.
Developmental Research Designs
- Longitudinal studies track the same individuals over time to observe changes.
- Advantages: reveals age-related change, avoids cohort effects.
- Disadvantages: time-consuming and potential biases.
- Cross-sectional studies compare different age groups at one point in time.
Observational Techniques
- Structured observation involves designing conditions to elicit specific behaviors.
- Techniques include:
- Time Sampling: counting behaviors at regular intervals.
- Event Sampling: focusing on specific behaviors during episodes.
Cross-Cultural Method
- Involves comparing data from multiple societies, emphasizing cultural contexts.
Indigenous Research Method
- Standard Western research methodologies may not effectively capture Filipino perspectives.
- Virgilio Enriquez advocates for indigenous research approaches to better understand local thoughts and behaviors.
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Description
This quiz explores the attitudes towards different age groups in the Filipino context, focusing on young adulthood and early middle adulthood. It examines how personal experiences and role changes influence social attitudes towards various ages. Test your understanding of these dynamics and their impact on societal perceptions.
